Hot water (JLW) and 70% ethanol (JLE) extracts of jujube leaves were investigated for their antioxidant effect, cytotoxicity, and anticancer effects. The measured content of total polyphenolics in JLW and JLE was 200.4 mg g -1 and 234.6 mg g -1 , respectively. Extracts showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 91.8% (JLW) and 93.8% (JLE) at 1,000 g mL -1 . A radical scavenging activity of JLW and JLE was higher than that of Vitamin C (89.3%) (at 1,000 g mL -1). Results from the analysis of Super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity showed 33.9% for JLW and 34.8% for JLE (at 1,000 µg mL -1). Extracts showed no cytotoxicity in a normal human cell line, HEK293. In human cancer cells JLW extract showed higher antiproliferative activity than JLE extract. Inhibitory effect of JLW for human breast cancer cells (MCF 7), human stomach cancer cells (AGS), human lung cancer cells (A549) and human liver cancer cells (HepG2) growth was 16.9%, 61.3%, 57.7%, and 20.1% respectively, at 1,000 g mL -1. The results of our study suggest the potential use of Zizyphus jujube leaves extracts for use as an excellent antioxidant and antiproliferative substance.Additional key words: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant, antiproliferation, polyphenol Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 52(6):635-640. 2011.
Ethanol extract of garlic peels (GPE) was investigated for its antiproliferative effects on human cancer cell lines. Human lung cancer cell line A549 treated with 500 μg/mL GPE resulted in the growth inhibition of A549 by 90%. In stomach cancer cell AGS proliferation inhibition activity, GPE showed 45% and 71% inhibition of AGS growth at 1,000 μg/mL and 2,000 μg/mL, respectively. GPE inhibited the growth of the breast cancer cells MCF-7 effectively at low concentration and showed 78% and 90% inhibitions of MCF-7 growth at 200 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL , respectively. GPE showed very significant antiproliferation effect on liver cancer cell line Hep3B and inhibited Hep3B cell growth by 57% at 100 μg/mL, and the inhibition's rate increased up to 87% at 500 μg/mL. Antiproliferation effect of GPE on colorectal cancer cell HT-29 showed 15% reduction of HT-29 cell growth at 200 μg/mL and the growth rate was reduced in a dose dependent manner up to 1,000 μg/mL. These results indicated that GPE had high antiproliferation effects on breast and liver cancer cell lines at low concentrations (200 μg/mL), and by higher concentrations over 500 μg/mL, GPE inhibited the growth of A549 and HT-29. The results of our study suggested the potential use of garlic peels for use as an excellent antiproliferative substance for human cancer cells. Key words:antiproliferation, garlic peel, ethanol extract, human cancer cell line
A genetically modified (GM) pepper containing the gene for the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) coat protein (CP) was investigated to assess the proteolytic behavior and simulated digestion in the stomach and small intestine. CMV‐CP expressed in GM pepper and in Escherichia coli exhibited the molecular mass of about 25 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The three internal peptides of CMV‐CP in E. coli BL21 (VLSQQLSR, LLLPDSVTEYDKK and DDALETDELVLHVDIEHQR) were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and seven peptides (VLSQQLSR, PTINHPTFVGSER, LLLPDSVTEYDKK, FDSTVWVTVRK, LLYDLSAMRA, RKYAVLVYSK and VLHVDIEHQR) of CMV‐CP in GM pepper were verified by the analysis. CMV‐CP expressed in GM pepper was completely degraded in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, and the immunoreaction of the CMV‐CP was rapidly eliminated by the Western blot assays.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
A variety of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV‐P0)‐resistant peppers was developed through a breeding program, and commercial cultivars are available. However, a new pathotype virus (CMV‐P1), which can infect CMV‐P0‐resistant peppers, is appeared recently, and this virus causes a heavy loss of productivity. Recently developed new transgenic pepper line is highly tolerable to CMV‐P0 and CMV‐P1. Sequence analysis of the CMV‐coat protein (CMV‐CP) expressed in the new transgenic pepper line and in an Escherichia coli expression system will provide structural information on expressed protein. In addition, in vitro digestibility of the expressed CMV‐CP from transgenic pepper with simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid make it possible to understand its proteolytic behavior with simulated digestion fluids.
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Corni fructus extracts (CEF, EtOAc extraction; CBF, buthanol extraction; CWF, water extraction) were investigated. The total phenolics of CEF (173.3 mg TAE/g) were significantly higher than those of CWF (26.7 mg TAE/g) and CBF (94.8 mg TAE/g). DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of CEF (DPPH: RH50; 25.1 μg/mL, ABTS: RC50; 36.1 μg/mL) showed even higher than that of BHA and α-tocopherol used as positive control. All three Corni fructus extracts in the concentration of 1~100 μg/mL were effective inhibitors of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). NO production was inhibited 71.3~92.2% by CEF, 76.8~85.5% by CBF and 74.4~96.9% by CWF, respectively. CEF, CBF and CWF (1~100 μg/mL) inhibited also pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 very effectively. TNF-α was inhibited up to 51.2% by CWF and IL-1β was inhibited up to 67.1% by CEF. IL-6 was best inhibited by CEF up to 58.9%. This study suggested the potential of Corni fructus for use as an excellent antioxidant substance and inflammatory inhibiting mediators. Therefore CEF, CBF and CWF Corni fructus extracts may be used for therapeutic approach to various inflammatory diseases.
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