“…Membranes were stained using nitroblue tetrazolium (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl phosphate (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) as substrates in alkaline phosphatase buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 ) for less than 10 min, and the reaction was stopped when the desired color density was obtained. Soluble proteins from GM and non-GM peppers cultivated in Korea University fields were extracted as described previously (Bang et al, 2011). Frozen peppers (20 g) were homogenized in a pre-chilled blender with chilled 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, containing 1.0 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1.0 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and a protease inhibitor cocktail (SigmaAldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) (buffer A).…”