Absfract-Integrated force arrays (IFA's) are a novel means of microelectromechanical actuation. They are membrances that consist of thousands of micron-scale deformable capacitors and are capable of contraction and force exertion in one dimension by application of an applied voltage. The theory and modeling of the static operation of a representative unit device and an array is presented. The electrostatic and elastic forces present in the system are considered and classical beam theory and superposition are applied to calculate the voltage-induced closure and force generation of the networks without the aid of finite element analysis. It is shown that contraction and force generation are expected at reasonable voltages for these modular structures: Ideal system contraction on the order of 40% is possible and minimum external forces of 4500 pN/mm2 are expected with the application of 50 V. [129]
O N is o n e of t h e m a n y m e t h o d s of t r a n s m i t t i n g i n t e l l i g e n c e t h a t m a k e s use of t h e p l a n t of t h e Bell S y s t e m . C l o s e d -c i r c u i t television is differentiated from television b r o a d c a s t i n g , familiar to all, in t h a t t h e o r i g i n a t o r p r o v i d e s i n d i v i d u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e television signal h e h a s p r o d u c e d t o specific preselected p o i n t s . S e v e r a l r a t h e r g e n e r a l fields of a p p l i c a t i o n of closed-circuit television h a v e b e e n f o u n d useful in t h e p a s t . T h e s e m a y b e o u t l i n e d as follows: 1. T h e r e p r o d u c t i o n of o u t s t a n d i n g e n t e r t a i n m e n t e v e n t s as t h e y h a p p e n a t a l a r g e n u m b e r of p o i n t s on a c o u n t r y -w i d e basis. 2. T h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n to g r o u p s of p e o p l e s c a t t e r e d a t n u m e r o u s p o i n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , s u c h as for sales p r o m o t i o n o r e d u c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s . 3. T h e i n d u s t r i a l use of t h e service o n a local basis for t r a n s m i t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n from o n e p o i n t , to a n o t h e r w h e r e it will b e of m o r e v a l u e in c a r r y i n g o u t t h e business of t h e i n d u s t r y . F r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of p r o b l e m s i n v o l v e d a n d g e n e r a l use m a d e of this service, closed-circuit television c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o g e n e r a l g r o u p s . T h e first g r o u p m a k e s use of i n t e r c i t y n e t w o r k s i n v o l v i n g a n u m b e r of v i e w i n g p o i n t s l o c a t e d in different cities. T h e s e c o n d involves local services c o n n e c t i n g r e l a t i v e l y few p o i n t s , usually lo c a t e d w i t h i n a single city or locality. INTERCITY CLOSED-CIRCUIT NETWORKS A T ITS INCEPTION in 1950, closed-circuit i n t e r c i t y n e t w o r k television wras associated w i t h t h e a t e r television p r o g r a m s w h e r e s u c h e v e n t s as p r i z e fights, football g a m e s , a n d g r a n d o p e r a p r o g r a m s w e r e t r a n s m i t t e d . T h e Bell S y s t e m ' s j o b in p r o v i d i n g these services is t h a t of c o n n e c t i n g t h e o u t p u t of t h e c u s t o m e r -p r o v i d e d c a m e r a e q u i p m e n t a t t h e p i c k u p p o i n t to its t r a n s m i s s i o n lines a n d t h e n d i s t r i b u t i n g it t o t h e a t e r s in different cities t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y d e s i g n a t e d by t h e c u s t o m e r . H e r e t h e c i r c u i t is c o n n e c t e d t o p r o j e c t i o n e q u i p m e n t also p r o v i d e d b y t h e c u s t o m e r . N e t w o r k s t o as m a n y as 133 p o i n t s in 90 cities h a v e b e e n es t a b l i s h e d for this t y p e of service u s i n g m o n o c h r o m e t r a n s missions. I n t h e y e a r s s u b s e q u e n t to 1950 t h ...
Integrated Force Arrays (IFAs)1 ,2,3,4,5,6,7 are thin film membrane actuators that act as transfer devices for electrostatic force. They are capable of large amplitude motion and evidence significant energies per unit volume (eg. 8.2 erg/mm3).Devices which use IFAs as drivers to scan PZT acoustic imaging transducers are under development and will be discussed here. O-8194-2097-2/96/$6.OO SPIE Vol. 2722 / 123 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/18/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx SPIE Vol. 2722 / 125 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/18/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx
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