Penilaian merupakan salah satu tahapan yang penting dalam proses pembelajaran matematika karena melalui penilaian guru dapat mengetahui sejauh mana tujuan pembelajaran telah tercapai. Penilaian dapat dilakukan melalui pengukuran (deskripsi kuantitatif) dan/atau melalui non-pengukuran (deskripsi kualitatif). Ketika guru mengumpulkan informasi mengenai tingkat pemahaman siswa melalui pertanyaan, observasi, dan pemberian tugas sebenarnya guru telah melakukan evaluasi non-pengukuran. Kegiatan guru tersebut sangat bermanfaat dalam menentukan tingkat penguasaan siswa dan dalam menilai keefektifan proses pembelajaran. Informasi yang akurat tentang hasil belajar, minat dan kebutuhan siswa hanya dapat diperoleh melalui asesmen dan penilaian yang efektif. Asesmen yang sedang berkembang saat ini adalah penilaian portofolio yang disinyalir memiliki banyak manfaat baik bagi guru maupun bagi siswa. Penilaian portofolio lebih luas dibandingkan penilaian melalui tes, karena dengan portofolio, guru dapat mengikuti perkembangan kognitif, sikap, minat dan berbagai kegiatan siswa berkaitan dengan matematika. Dengan demikian guru dapat memanfaatkan portofolio dalam meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran yang pada gilirannya akan meningkatkan mutu hasil belajar siswa.

Problem: Soluble immune checkpoint molecules constitute the emerging novel mediators in immune regulation. Their role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis has not been fully addressed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the clinical manifestation of endometriosis-associated infertility and the level of four soluble immune checkpoints: sCTLA4, sHLA-G, sPD-1, and sPD-L1. Method of study: The soluble immune checkpoint concentrations in serum and peritoneal fluid from 88 patients who underwent laparoscopy were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical and hematological parameters were documented and analyzed. Results: Endometriosis cases were evident to have significantly higher levels of serum sPD-L1 and all four molecules in peritoneal fluid compared to non-endometriosis control. Contrary, no significant differences were found in the concentration of serum sCTLA-4, sHLA-G and, sPD-1 between endometriosis and control group. There were significant positive correlations between serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of sCTLA-4, sPD-L1, and sHLA-G. Serum sPD-L1 could discriminate endometriosis-related infertility to other pathological control. At a cutoff of 14,61 pg/ mL, serum sPD-L1 had a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 83%. Moreover, sPD-L1 level showed positive correlations with pelvic adhesion score and myeloid cell count. Conclusion: The elevated level of sPD-L1 in serum and immune checkpoint molecules in the peritoneal fluid could represent the hallmark of immune regulation in endometriosis. Serum sPD-L1 could serve as a potential noninvasive endometriosis biomarker. Also, the immune compartment related to the local immune checkpoint molecules may be implicated in biological mechanisms underlying endometriosisrelated infertility.

Background: Insulin resistance is a frequent metabolic disorder in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Moringa oleifera has been shown to increase insulin expres-sion and decrease the degree of insulin in diabetes mellitus, therefore it is expected that Moringa oleifera could decrease insulin levels and increase folliculogenesis in PCOS.Objective: To prove the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in various doses might decrease the insulin levels and increase folliculogenesis in female PCOS-insulin resistant rats.Methods: The three month old white rat of Wistar strain (Rattus norvegicus) 100-130 grams were divided into five groups (n=8) including normal control, PCOS-insulin re-sistance, PCOS-insulin resistance given metformin and PCOS-resistance insulin were giv-en Moringa oleifera leaf extract in two doses. Then, the PCOS model-insulin resistance by injection of testosterone propionate for 28 days. After 14 days treatment, we analysed insulin levels and folliculogenesis.Results: The PCOS control group showed a significant increase in insulin levels compared to the normal control group. The insulin levels from group treatment with Moringa oleifera leaf extract of 250 mg/kgBW was significantly lower than the PCOS control group. Ovarian histology analysis found that the number and diameter of follicle of PCOS control group showed a significant decrease compared to normal control group. In addition, the treatment with metformin and leaf Moringa oleifera dose 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW showed significant increase of folliculogenesis compared to PCOS control group.Conclusions: Moringa oleifera could lowering the blood insulin levels, subsequently decreasing the androgen thus allowed the increasing of folliculogenesis in PCOS.

Kemelut Penatausahaan Aset Tetap (Dulu Hingga Kini). Penelitian ini bertujuan menginvestigasi penyebab terjadinya kendala dalam penatausahaan aset tetap di Pemerintah Kabupaten Dompu dan upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh setiap pihak. Metode yang digunakan adalah desain multikasus holistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa faktor kendala seperti kuantitas dan kualitas SDM, koordinasi internal, penyalahgunaan aset, dan insentif. Berbagai langkah telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah, tetapi masih terkendala oleh faktor internal. Peneliti menyarankan supaya pemerintah setempat melakukan upaya peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia, memperkuat komitmen pimpinan, dan membuat peraturan terkait pencatatan aset tetap.

Coffee is a commodity classified as the one of the main contributors to the Government income through the small-scale coffee plantation farms. This paper tried to examine factors affected the rate of income earned from the farms, achievements of the profit maximization, and conditions resulted from the farm's return to scale. The research was conducted in Lampung during the harvest season in 1984/ 1985. The results show that the area of planted, the number of tress, and the age of the commodity were affected the profit earned from the farms with highly significant levels. The return to scale coefficient was calculated to be constant within the farm size average of 1.02 ha. Result was also indicate that the small-scale coffee farms in the location were hardly provide the maximum profit to the farmers. AbstrakKopi adalah salah satu komoditi penghasil devisa utama dari sub-sektor perkebunan yang sebagian besar (940Jo) diusahakan oleh rakyat. Tulisan ini mencoba menelaah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat keuntungan usahatani kopi rakyat, tercapai tidaknya keuntungan maksimum dan keadaan skala usaha. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Lampung untuk musim kopi 1984/1985. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa luas kebun kopi, jumlah pohon kopi dan umur pohon kopi berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap keuntungan usahatani kopi rakyat. Keadaan skala usaha adalah pada kondisi "constant return to scale" dengan luas usaha rata-rata 1,02 ha. Usahatani kopi rakyat di daerah penelitian belum memberikan tingkat keuntungan yang maksimum kepada petani pengelolanya. PendahuluanPembangunan sub-sektor perkebunan merupakan bagian dari pembangunan pertanian secara keseluruhan. Dalam PELIT A IV tujuan pembangunan sub-sektor perkebunan adalah untuk lebih meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani perkebunan dengan sasaran utama yang akan dicapai: (1) pendapatan petani perkebunan rakyat sebesar rata-rata US$ 1500 per kepala keluarga per tahun pada tahun 1990, dan (2) nilai devisa dari komoditi perkebunan sebesar US$ 5,5 milyard pada tahun 1988 (Direktur Bina Program, 1983). Salah satu komoditi perkebunan yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan nilai devisa ekspor komoditi adalah kopi, yang pada tahun 1984 menduduki peringkat kedua dalam nilai ekspor basil perkebunan sesudah karet.Sebagian besar perkebunan kopi di Indonesia (94 persen dari luas areal kopi) diusahakan oleh rakyat, sedangkan sisanya (60Jo) diusahakan oleh perkebunan besar negara/swasta. Namun derriikian, perkebunan kopi rakyat pada umumnya

CUPPING AS PAIN ALTERNATIVE THERAPYABSTRACTPain is still a world’s problem. Current pain treatment is still unsatisfactory due to its chronicity and existing drugs’ side effects. Due to dissatisfaction with the existing treatment, many patients are choosing a traditional therapy for their pain treatment. Cupping therapy is one of the traditional therapies that is widely used to relieve pain. Cupping therapy has been used in many countries in the world. Some of these countries have used cupping therapy as a pain treatment in hospitals. Neurologists are handling pain cases in their daily practice. Nearly 80% of patients come to the doctor with one of their complaint related to pain directly. The knowledge of cupping therapy for pain is important for the development of new therapies in order to solve the pain problems that so far have not reached a satisfactory level.Keyword: Alternative therapy, cupping therapy, pain, pain problemsABSTRAKNyeri masih merupakan masalah dunia. Pengobatan nyeri saat ini masih belum sampai tahap yang memuaskan terkait kronisitas dan efek samping obat yang ada. Akibat ketidakpuasan dengan pengobatan yang ada, banyak pasien yang memilih terapi tradisional untuk pengobatan nyerinya. Terapi bekam merupakan salah satu terapi tradisional yang banyak dipakai untuk meredakan keluhan nyeri. Terapi bekam telah dipakai di banyak negara di dunia. Sebagian negara tersebut telah menggunakan bekam sebagai terapi nyeri di rumah sakit. Bekam menurunkan nyeri melalui efek antinosiseptifnya, dengan cara stimulasi sistem saraf perifer dan menurunkan stres oksidatif. Studi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa terapi bekam basah dapat meningkatkan ekspresi ß-endorphin dan HSP70 keratinosit pada lokasi bekam. Dalam praktek sehari-hari dokter spesialis saraf menangani kasus nyeri. Hampir 80% pasien datang ke dokter dengan disertai salah satu keluhan yang berkaitan dengan nyeri secara langsung. Pengetahuan tentang terapi bekam untuk nyeri penting diketahui untuk pengembangan terapi baru guna menyelesaikan permasalahan nyeri yang sampai saat ini belum sampai pada tahap yang memuaskan.Kata kunci: Masalah nyeri, nyeri, terapi alternatif, terapi bekam

The process of promotion required in every company. To perpetrating the promotion of position in company is required of job assessment objectively so this result will give proving truly. In reality the success of company affected to whom will lead the company because the assessment specifically is giving real evidence concerning been perpetrated. Thus, it required some various assessment criteria for specification working performance which is reflected to well-skillful of each personal to be promoted for position based on the expectation in the future. The assessment of specification job's performance uses ELECTRE Method. It uses seven elected specifications of job's performance that collaborated to Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) between Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ELECTRE as preference data of analysis for specification job's performance of promoting position. The result found from the level by using Electre method to promote some position by using the specification of job's performance consecutively: First ranking by the number 2,60 for K.1, Second ranking have 0,19 for K3, the third have 0,14 for the K2, the forth have 1,25 for K1, and the last ranking have 1,68 for K4.

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a syndrome characterized by ovulation disorders accompanied by hyperandrogens. Women with PCOS are prone to develop insulin resistance which has metabolic characteristics similar to type 2 diabetes and leads to disturbance of follicular formation. PCOS is also known to increase the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α. Moringa oleifera leaves have been shown to have compounds that can reduce insulin levels and glucose levels in diabetes mellitus and should be able to reduce TNF-α and follicle count. Purpose This study aims to prove the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf in reducing insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS. Methods The three-month-old white rats Wistar ( Rattus norvegicus ) 150–170 grams were divided into four groups (n = 10), namely normal rats, PCOS model rats, PCOS model rats given metformin, and PCOS rats given 500mg of Moringa oleifera . The method of this study is taking PCOS model rats by injecting the 100mg/kg BW hormone testosterone propionate for 21 days. After 21 days of therapy, we analyzed insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count. Results The PCOS control group showed an increase in insulin level, glucose levels, TNF-α expression, and a decrease in the follicle count compared to the normal control group. The insulin level, glucose level, TNF-α and follicle count in the Moringa oleifera 500 mg/kg BW treatment group were significantly lower than in the PCOS control group. Conclusion Moringa oleifera leaves have the potential in reducing insulin levels, blood glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS patients.