It is concluded that whilst TST and IS6110 achieved 100% sensitivity based on the reference standard of culture, the latter was more specific. The TST is recommended for routine diagnosis and the use of PCR for particular cases, depending on the facilities and the urgency.

Objective: The objective of the current study is to compare the levels of oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), zinc, and antioxidant Vitamins (A, E, and C) in ischemic heart disease (IHD) and non-IHD patients with diabetes mellitus.Method: This is cross-sectional study group, conducted in the advanced diagnostic center (Khartoum- Sudan) from the period May 2013 to August 2015. Comprised 100 healthy subjects were, control group with mean (fasting blood sugar) 5.61=m mol/L, the age ranged from 22 to 78 years old, the average of the age was 50.1 years. 300 patients (78 IHD and 222 without) as cases groups, the ages ranged from 30 to 80 years. The age average was 51.2 years, all samples were in a state of fasting for 12 h, and the data were collected using a structured questionnaire and direct interview to collect information. Blood specimens were collected from both groups, and plasma levels of MDA, zinc, and antioxidant Vitamins (A, E, and C) were determined.Results: There was a significant difference between the level of serum Vitamin A, E, and MDA in diabetic patients with IHD and those diabetic without IHD (p<0.05). No significant differences in serum Vitamin C level between both groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: Due to the significant differences in serum Vitamin A, E, Zinc, and MDA between diabetics with IHD and diabetics without IHD, these parameters can be used as prognostic markers for prediction of oxidative stress and antioxidant stress of diabetic patients with IHD complications.

This study was carried out in Khartoum State during the period from January 2011 to December 2013 to improve the rate of detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in children with symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) infection using different conventional and advanced diagnostic techniques. One hundred and ninety-seven specimens of gastric lavage and sputum were collected from different hospitals in Khartoum State, including Elbolok Hospital, Jafar Ibn Owf Hospital, Elasha'ab Teaching Hospital, Soba University Hospital and Academy Charity Hospital. All children participating in the study were subjected to the Mantoux test after obtaining appropriate consent injected by 5 tuberculin units of tuberculin purified protein derivative, and the results were recorded after three days. Specimens were decontaminated and inoculated on Lowenstein-Jensen media according to the modified Petroff's method. Two smears were prepared and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain and Auramine fluorescent dye; bacterial DNA was extracted from each specimen by using phenol chloroform method, and then the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique was adopted to detect Insertion Sequence IS6110 gene of MTB in these specimens. This study showed that the positive results for TST, ZN, Auramine, Culture and PCR were 86 (43.7%), 16 (8.1%), 22 (11.2%), 32 (16.2%) and 35(17.8%), respectively. The study concluded that the PCR technique is the most sensitive and specific technique for a quick identification of MTB in gastric lavage and sputum from children who are unable to expectorate a good quality sputum sample or who are diagnosed as negative using conventional diagnostic methods.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant Vitamins A, E, and C and the glycated hemoglobin levels with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods:The current study is a cross-sectional study group, comprised no diabetic individuals (100 healthy) as control groups and diabetic patients (300) as cases groups, attending the Khartoum -Sudan for routine follow-up during 2013-2015. The data were collected with the help of structured questionnaire and direct interview to collect information. Blood specimens were collected from both groups, and plasma levels of MDA, serum zinc, antioxidant Vitamins (A, E, and C), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were determined. Odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated for the presence of mutation between cases and controls and analyzed by SPSS program, version 13. Results:The results of this study indicate a highly significant difference between the means of HbA1c% of the test group (n=300) and the control group (n=100). Mean ± SD: 7.5 ± 1.4 versus 4.9 ± 0.3, respectively (p=0.001). Significant positive correlation between HbA1c and MDA (p=0.003). Significant correlation between HbA1c% and plasma Vitamins A, E, and C of the test group, respectively (p=0.002), (p=0.0008), and (p=0.01).

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and it is a major cause of morbidity; several studies indicate that diabetes is a likely under reported cause of death. Chromium's is important trace element to control diabetes mellitus and metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between serum chromium, with HbA1c, Total cholesterol and Triglycerides among type 2 diabetes patients among diabetic patients. Methodology: This is cross-sectional study done in Jabber Abu Ezz Centre for treatment and care of diabetics in Khartoum-Sudan. Four hundred subjects were enrolled in this study; one hundred subjects were normal healthy as control group, and three hundred subjects diabetic patient type 2 as test group; demographic and biochemical data were collected; serum chromium, Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), Total cholesterol Triglycerides, were determined by using NYCOCARD READER II, spectrophotometer (Biosystem 310) and spectrophotometer 210-VGP. Result: In this study there is significant parameters level means of FBS HbA1c, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Chromium of the test groups when compared with healthy control groups subjects (P = 0.001, 0.018, 0.01, 0.011, 0.004), respectively. Significant negative correlation is between FBS, HbA1c, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Chromium (r = −0.555, P value = 0.003), (r = −0.668, P value = 0.002), (r = −0.335, P value = 0.004) and (r = −0.774, P value = 0.002) respectively. Conclusion: There was

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BACKGROUND: Recurrent pregnancy loss is classically defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive pregnancy loss. Recurrent pregnancy loss affects from 1-5% of the reproductive age couples. This diagnosis is both emotionally challenging and confusing for most couples, as the definitive diagnosis using conventional evaluations is found in fewer than half of the couples experiencing repeated loss. AIM: The purpose of this study was to define the association between Factor V Leiden G1691A, Prothrombin G20210A, MTHFC677T mutations and recurrent pregnancy loss in a group of Sudanese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This a retrospective analytical case control study was carried out at Omdurman Maternal Hospital, Sudan between July 2013 to July 2015. Consent was obtained from the ethical committee of the Faculty Research Board and Hospital of Omdurman Maternity Hospital (Sudan). The study included a hundred pregnant females with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion as the (case group) and ninety-five healthy reproductive Sudanese women as the (control group). The data was collected with the help of a structured questionnaire and direct interview to collect information. Identification of point mutation in factor V Leiden G1691A, prothrombin G20210A and MTHF C677T gene by polymerase chain reaction was performed. The odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated for the presence of mutation case group and the control group and analyzed by SPSS program, version 17.0. RESULTS: The frequency of prothrombin G20210A, MTHFC677T, was low overall, except for the Factor V Leiden G1691A. The differences between patients and controls had no statistical significance (P- Value>0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the low prevalence of inherited thrombophilias in Sudanese populations and it is unlikely that the tested thrombophilias play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss in the Sudanse population.Therefore, we conclude that the low prevalence of Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A and MTHFC677T in Sudanese women with RPL and does not play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss among our population.

Background: Preeclampsia is a disorder of widespread vascular endothelial malfunction and vasospasm that occurs after 20 weeks' gestation and can present as late as 4-6 weeks post-partum. Pre-eclampsia is a syndrome with multiple aetiologies which has made it difficult to develop adequate screening tests and treatments. Objective of this study to assess the level of gamma glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase as biochemical markers of severity of preeclampsia in Sudanese pregnant women.Methods: This is a case control hospitalize base study. The study was conducted in preeclamptic pregnant women in Omdurman maternity hospital and medical military hospital in Khartoum state. In this study glutamyl transferase and lactate de-hydrogenase was estimation in 100 Sudanese pregnant women by spectrophotometer method, 50 of them were diagnosed with preeclampsia 27 from this is severe preeclampsia and 23 is mild preeclampsia was matched in aged. Serum samples of all the cases were assayed for GGT and LDH. The data was recorded and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPS –version 16) on programmed computer. The mean standard deviations of variable were calculated for both the test group and the control group and P value for comparison was obtained.Results: The mean values of plasma gamma glutamyl transferase in mild and severe preeclamptic pregnant women were insignificant difference when compared to control P value (0.346 - 0.089) respectively. The mean values of plasma lactate dehydrogenase in mild and severe preeclamptic pregnant women were significant increase when compared to control P value (0.008 - 0.001) respectively.Conclusions: The levels of LDH is raised in Sudanese pregnant women with hypertensive also can be useful biochemical marker that reflects the severity of and the occurrence of complications of pre-eclampsia. GGT levels were normal in Sudanese pregnant women with hypertensive preeclampsia.