BACKGROUND: Recurrent pregnancy loss is classically defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive pregnancy loss. Recurrent pregnancy loss affects from 1-5% of the reproductive age couples. This diagnosis is both emotionally challenging and confusing for most couples, as the definitive diagnosis using conventional evaluations is found in fewer than half of the couples experiencing repeated loss. AIM: The purpose of this study was to define the association between Factor V Leiden G1691A, Prothrombin G20210A, MTHFC677T mutations and recurrent pregnancy loss in a group of Sudanese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This a retrospective analytical case control study was carried out at Omdurman Maternal Hospital, Sudan between July 2013 to July 2015. Consent was obtained from the ethical committee of the Faculty Research Board and Hospital of Omdurman Maternity Hospital (Sudan). The study included a hundred pregnant females with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion as the (case group) and ninety-five healthy reproductive Sudanese women as the (control group). The data was collected with the help of a structured questionnaire and direct interview to collect information. Identification of point mutation in factor V Leiden G1691A, prothrombin G20210A and MTHF C677T gene by polymerase chain reaction was performed. The odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated for the presence of mutation case group and the control group and analyzed by SPSS program, version 17.0. RESULTS: The frequency of prothrombin G20210A, MTHFC677T, was low overall, except for the Factor V Leiden G1691A. The differences between patients and controls had no statistical significance (P- Value>0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the low prevalence of inherited thrombophilias in Sudanese populations and it is unlikely that the tested thrombophilias play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss in the Sudanse population.Therefore, we conclude that the low prevalence of Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A and MTHFC677T in Sudanese women with RPL and does not play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss among our population.

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Background: Pregnancy is a major endocrine event in the female lifespan, involving wide-ranged and often dramatic changes in the metabolism of various hormones. Cross sectional, case control, analytical quantitative study was conducted in Sudan, Khartoum state in Yastabsheron obstetric hospital during the period from March to August 2011. Analytical and statistical methods were applied to measure the concentration of A1c% in healthy pregnant women as well as in healthy non-pregnant women to assess the difference in the results.Methods: Blood samples were taken from a total of 90 healthy pregnant women (case group) and 30 healthy non-pregnant women (control group), then samples were analyzed for A1c% by using affinity chromatography technique, and results were recorded in addition to their age, body mass index and the number of pregnancies.Results: showed that, the mean concentration of the A1c% in cases group was (4.407±1.054%) in first trimester, (4.797±0.631) % in second trimester and (4.833±0.626) % in third trimester, and (5.670±0.471%) in control group with a P value of 0.00, indicating the highly significant difference between the two groups. Others finding showed that the mean concentration of A1c% of the first trimester is lower than that of the second and third trimesters, also there was no significant difference between the mean concentration of the second and third trimester. A significant weak positive correlation between A1c% concentration with body mass index and the age of pregnant women.Conclusions: Healthy normal pregnant women have lower A1c% concentrations than non-pregnant women which can be impute to the reduce in plasma glucose values and to the shortened erythrocyte life span that can occur during pregnancy. The body mass index and age affect the concentration of A1c% c, but it is not affected by gravida.

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in various skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels among patients with acne vulgaris. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional comparative study performed in Khartoum state at Military hospital, department of dermatology and venerology, 111 blood samples were collected from females to measure serum level of 25-hydroxy Vitamin D by immunoassay analyzer cobas-e-411-2ed generation platform of Electrochemiluminescence binding assay. RESULTS: In this study, 111 females their age 18–36 years. 57 suffering from acne vulgaris, 61.4% of them had moderate grade of acne. A significant decrease in the serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D concentrations in acne vulgaris patients when compared to 54 non-acne group (13.3 ± 5.0 ng/mL vs. 24.2 ± 10.3 ng/mL p =0.00). Significant positive correlation between serum 25-OH Vitamin D and exposure to sunlight per day (r = 0.562, p = 0.00), while there was a significant negative correlation between 25-OH Vitamin D and grade of acne, and duration of disease per month (for grade of acne r = –0.641, p = 0.00), (for duration of disease r = –0.696, p = 0.00) among patients with acne vulgaris. CONCLUSION: The evidence from this study suggests that female with low serum 25- OH Vitamin D had increase risk to develop acne vulgaris. Further studies are needed to confirm this potential relation.

Objective: This study is designed to evaluate the relationship between the hematological parameter, vitamin D level along with HbA1C level in type 2 diabetic patients. Material and Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional study that included 150 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 20 to 79 years. Patients were given a questionnaire that included demographic information, family history, duration of diabetes, and the presence of associated complications. During data analysis, the Mann-Whitney U-test, correlation, and descriptive statistics were used. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: CBC parameters show low RBC, HCT, and Hgb count and increase in RDW value among T2DM individuals. WBCs and monocytes count were insignificant statistically (P= 0.925, P= 0.084), but showed a weak positive correlation which could be used as an inflammation marker. In addition, most of the T2DM were having vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) around 72.7% and occurs more in patients suffering from the diabetic disease for more than 5 years. Conclusions: This study highlights that T2DM patients could have one or more diabetes related complications at the time of diagnosis. Anemia was common among T2DM patients, especially patients with poorly controlled HbA1c because of diabetic nephropathy that affects the production of EPO. The study results demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is common among T2DM patients. Therefore, it is recommended to screen and treat vitamin D deficiency for individuals whose diabetes risk is increased.

Background and aim: Obesity is one of the main factors that lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the prevalence of both increasing worldwide. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor related with many complications and comorbidities. This study aims to evaluate the level of Resistine, Fasting Blood Glucose and Adiponectin compare with the BMI in Insulin Resistance females with Type2 diabetes. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional - case-control study, the target population is a total 205 Sudanese females were recruited to participate in this study, aged 35-64 years, venous blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of blood glucose were measured using the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay method Cobas C-311®.While Adiponectin and Resistine estimated by ELISA Kits. Anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, were taken using standard protocols. BMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters squared). Results: Observed from these results significant difference between the means of fasting blood glucose (FBG), adiponectin, esistine and BMI compared with different group classified according to WHO body mass index (BMI) Classification. FBG in underweight (125 ± 15.9), FBG in healthy weight (127 ± 16.7),FBG in overweight (153 ± 19.2) , FBG in obesity (169 ± 20.7), FBG in sever obesity(189 ± 23.7),, P = 0.037, adiponectin in underweight (12.3 ± 1.1),adiponectin in healthy weight (11.2 ± 1.9), adiponectin in overweight (9.7 ± 1.6), adiponectin in obesity (6.1 ±1.5),adiponectin in sever obesity (6.8 ± 1.9), P = 0.043, resistine in underweight (11.6 ± 1.9) , resistine in healthy weight (12.8 ± 1.1), resistine in overweight (14.2 ± 2.7) resistine in obesity (18.2 ± 2.9), resistine in sever obesity (19.1 ± 3.4) , P = 0.021, BMI in underweight(16.5 ± 1.9), BMI in healthy weight (18.3 ± 1.7),BMI in overweight (26.1 ± 2.2),BMI in obesity (30.4 ± 3.7),BMI in sever obesity (40.1 ± 4.0), P = 0.006). In this study, the results show strong negative Correlation between the levels of serum Adiponectin and Fasting Blood Glucose. (P.value = 0.013, r = -7.9), Adiponectin and Resistine. (P.value = 0.019, r = -6.6). In the other side strong positive Correlation between the levels of serum Resistine and Fasting Blood Glucose. (P.value = 0.015, r = 6.0). Observed from this results negative Relationship between the mean of BMI compared with the history of the patient/ years. Conclusion: This study concluded that BMI effected on Adipocytokines levels and Increased risk of insulin resistance in females with Type2 diabetes by increased the level of resistine, fasting blood glucose and reduced of adiponectin in different groups classified according to WHO body mass index (BMI) Classification.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing a considerable burden on health systems and societies as it affects both individuals and their families and has a large impact on the economic and social development of a country. Nowadays, to treat diabetes, patients are taking drugs such as metformin in combination with dipeptide peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and insulin for their treatment. There are many physiological and pathological changes while taking drugs for treating diabetes.AIM: Through this research, we can have an idea about the health of the patient and help to detect the level in which different drugs are affecting the patient’s kidney and liver. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done on diabetes type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients who are undergoing treatment with insulin and DPP-4 inhibitors/metformin combination drugs. The study continued for 3 months including preparation, practice, and data analysis. RESULTS: In this study, our results show there is no significant change in all biochemical parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase, creatinine, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between diabetic patients treated with insulin and metformin/DPP-4 combination. CONCLUSION: Metformin/DPP-4 combination gives a better glycemic control than other medications, whereas the levels of AST, creatinine, and HbA1c are unaffected using either insulin or metformin/DPP-4 inhibitors combination.