Background: Pregnancy is a period of reproduction during which a woman carries one or more live offspring from implantation of a fertilized zygote in the uterus throughout gestation. There are several physiological changes that occur in pregnancy. Physiology of a normal pregnancy involves major changes in both the coagulation system and hematological parameters. These changes appear to be related to the development of the uteroplacental circulation and provide a protective mechanism during delivery. Objective: To study the normal changes that occur to red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), platelets, and hemostatic profile (prothrombin time [PT] and partial thromboplastin time [PTT]) among pregnant Sudanese women and compare it within the three different trimesters. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 apparently healthy pregnant women (gestational age 6-40 weeks) with age range between 20 and 40 years were recruited into the study. They were attending Khartoum teaching hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. There were no special preparation for subjects or questionnaires, and direct interviews were used to collect demographic and clinical data. After informed consent was obtained from the participants, 5 mL of venous blood was subsequently collected from an antecubital vein, with the subject comfortably seated, into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citrate vacuum tubes. Hematological parameters including WBC, RBC, Hb, packed cell volume, and platelets were measured by Sysmex. The plasma clotting time, PT, and PTT were measured manually. Results: The hematological parameters were represented as follows: mean value of WBCs was 7.580 cell/mm 3 , RBCs was 4.1× l0 12 /L, Hb was 11.79 g/dL, platelets was 256 × 10 9 /L, PT mean value of the study group was 13.40 s, and PTT was 36.20 s. Conclusion: There was no statistical significance in RBCs, Hb, platelets, PT, and PTT between pregnant women in the three different trimesters, whereas WBCs count showed significant differences among the three groups, the highest value was found in the second group followed by the third group and the lowest value found in the first group.

ÖzPurpose: The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using wavelet analysis for processing images of cytology preparations. Material and Methods: A set of different images of cytology preparations were analyzed through changes in their contrast and application of the methodology of the wavelet analysis. Results: Developed procedure of processing of cytology preparations images. Procedure of processing of cytology preparations images allows to qualitatively (in terms of their visualization) allocating: cells' edges, cell nuclei, revealing in more detail textural features of cells' images, which allows analyzing cell structure. Conclusion: Consider the possibility and feasibility issues of applying wavelet analysis for processing cytology preparations images. This improves the quality of the analysis of cytology preparations images. This allows the to properly diagnose.Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı sitoloji preperatlarının görüntülerinin işlenmesinde dalgacık analizlerinin kullanılma olasılığını belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sitoloji preparatlarının farklı bir görüntü seti, kontrastlarindaki değişimler ve dalgacık analizlerinin metolojik uygulamalarıyla analiz edildi. Bulgular: Sitoloji preparat görüntülerinin işlenmesi prosedürü geliştirildi. Sitolojik preparat görüntü işlenmesi prosedürü kalitatif olarak (görüntüleme açısından) birçok yapının (hücre yapısının analizi, hücre görüntülerinin yapısal özellikleri, hücre sınırları, ve hücre nukleusları) tanımlanmasına izin verir Sonuç: Sitolojik preparatların görüntüleme işlenmesi için dalgacık analizlerinin uygulanabilirligi ve yapılabilirliginin düşünülmesi. Bu işlem sitolojik preparatların görüntüleme analizi kalitesini iyileştirir dolayısıyla bu da daha uygun şekilde tanıya olanak tanıyacaktır.

Hypertension (HTN) has been defined as a blood pressure level at which an otherwise healthy person would have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease that could be mitigated through blood pressure-lowering treatment. Worldwide, hypertension is one of the most common causes of death. The prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease increases with age, and has been found to be higher in those of South Asian and African ancestry, and in Aboriginal populations. Hypertension is not only one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but also the number one modifiable risk factor for stroke. Alterations in blood coagulation system have been reported in patients of hypertension. Fibrinogen has been identified as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in Elobied teaching hospital during period from March to June 2014. The aim of this study is to determine the level of fibrinogen among hypertensive patients. Seventy percent of the patients (about 35 patients) had high fibrinogen level above 400 mg/dl compared with the control and about 30% (15 patients) were within the normal range of 200 mg-400 mg/dl. This study has concluded that there was a significant increase in fibrinogen level in hypertensive patients compared to control, while the gender has no effect on the level of fibrinogen.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity despite the identification of major risk factors and risk reduction strategies. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a relevant cardiovascular worldwide event for morbidity and mortality. In most cases, sudden cardiac death is triggered by ischemia-related ventricular tachyarrhythmia and accounts for 50% of deaths from cardiovascular disease in developed countries. This is a descriptive analytical case control study aimed to determine D-dimer, PT and PTT level and among patients with acute myocardial infarction conducted in Sudan cardiac center hospital. Thirty patients after MI and twenty normal controls have been studied. The MI patients also include co-exist disease diabetes and hypertension, they receive different anticoagulants therapy. The result demonstrates a significant increase post MI in the mean level of D-dimer (p = 0.00) whereas none significantly compares to control group. There are no differences between INR (0.393), PTT (0.648) and PT (0.393), parameters between cases and controls. In conclusion, our study reveals higher D-dimer level among patients than the control. In conclusion, serum D-dimer levels appear to be useful for diagnosing MI and may assist in the prediction of mortality among those patients which are presented with acute chest pain or * Corresponding author. N. M. A. Ali et al. 2 known diagnosed with MI and should be done as indicator for thrombosis risk during therapy in post MI.

BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia is known to have one of the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world. The impact of Ramadan fasting on the health of type 2 diabetic patients is an important issue that has not been adequately investigated. AIM: The current study was aimed at assessing the impact of Ramadan fasting on hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), lipid profile, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) in adult Saudis with Type 2 diabetes residing in Najran city. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which enrolled 289 patients who chose to fast during the month of Ramadan and were attending the outpatient clinics of Najran University Hospital. Fasting blood samples were taken 1 month before and 1 month after Ramadan to determine glycated hemoglobin and fasting lipid profile (low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], triglyceride [TG], and total cholesterol [TC]) and BMI was also calculated. Information regarding demographics and physical activity was obtained through a questionnaire. RESULTS: As many as 176 (60.9%) of the participants reported to be physically inactive during Ramadan. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the mean percentage of HbA1c when comparing before Ramadan (9.85 ± 2.37%) with after Ramadan (7.65 ± 1.70%). Furthermore, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was detected in the mean concentrations of LDL before (3.39 ± 1.06 mmol/L) and after (2.40 ± 0.83 mmol/L) Ramadan. The mean concentration of TC (before = 5.98 ± 2.00 mmol/L; after = 4.05 ± 1.18 mmol/L) and TG (before = 2.97 ± 1.95 mmol/L; after = 2.65 ± 1.65 mmol/L) also reduced after Ramadan. The mean concentrations of HDL (before = 1.78 ± 0.74 mmol/L; after= 2.23 ± 0.23 mmol/L) increased after Ramadan. The mean BMI of the study participants (before = 28.30 ± 6.27; after = 27.43 ± 5.92) decreased slightly after Ramadan. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) (before= 128.10 ± 6.32; after, 123.09 ± 5.71) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (before = 81.21 ± 8.51; after = 79.83 ± 7.21) showed a slight reduction after Ramadan. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetic patients who performed Ramadan fasting displayed a lowering of HbA1c, LDL, TC, and TG, and increased HDL, but had small positive effects on body weight, BMI, as well as SBP and DBP. More studies are needed with a larger population in the future to assess the potential of Ramadan fasting as a therapeutic strategy for managing Type 2 diabetes.

The thalassemia is a group of disorders in which the normal ratio of alpha globin to beta globin production is disrupted due to a disease-causing variant in one or more of the globin genes. This abnormal alpha- to beta-chain ratio causes the unpaired chains to precipitate and causes destruction of red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow (ineffective erythropoiesis) and circulation (hemolysis). Affected individuals with thalassemia have variable degrees of anemia and extramedullary hematopoiesis, which in turn can cause bone changes, impaired growth, and iron overload. The aim and objectives are to describe the basic genetic differences between alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia. Describe the hematologic findings and pathophysiological changes that are associated with beta-thalassemia major. Summarize the etiology of thalassemias and describe the basic genetic differences between alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia. Describe the genetic, hematologic, and clinical differences between alpha-thalassemia trait, hemoglobin H disease, and hydrops fetalis. outline the challenges of thalassemia during Covid 19 crisis. Thalassemia is the most common, inherited, single-gene disorder in the world. Treatment of the inherited blood disorder thalassemia depends upon the level of severity.

Aim: The objective of the study is to evaluate the normal physiological changes in values of major hematological parameters occur during the normal pregnancy Method: Blood samples (5ml EDTA) were taken voluntarily after consent obtained from from 50 healthy pregnant women from 20 to 40 years old who presented themselves at Khartoum teaching during their regularly follow-up. Questionnaires and direct interview were used to collect demographic and clinical data. CBC and part differential (WBC, RBC, Hb, PCV, and platelets), were measured by Sysmex and the plasma clotting time PT and PTT were measured by coagulometer. Results: W'BCs mean value was 7.580 cell/mm3, RBCs mean value was 4.1 x l012/L, Hb mean value was 11.79 g/dL, Platelets mean value was 256 x109/L, PT mean value of the study group was 13.40 seconds and PTT mean value was 36.20 seconds. Conclusion: It can be concluded that no statistical significance in RBCs, HB, platelets. PT and PTT between pregnant women in the three different trimesters while white WBCs count showed different decreased but not statistical significant  among the three groups, the highest value was round in the second group followed by the third group and the lowest value found in the first group. Keywords: Normal pregnancy, Hematological Changes, Pregnancy trimesters

Processing and analyzing of medical images is one of the priority research areas. At the same time, the processing of images of cells occupies a special place. This is due to the fact that such studies allow for a comprehensive diagnosis of the state of human health, identify and prevent the development of diseases in the early stages. We investigate the effectiveness of using wavelet analysis in color models, taking into account the preliminary change in the contrast of the input image. We consider the HSV color model and the image contrast modification procedure, which is based on the histogram change in the specified range with gamma correction. As a criterion for choosing parameters for changing the contrast of the image, we consider the entropy of the image. We also showed the advisability of using the value of the entropy index for the subsequent improvement of image analysis based on the wavelet ideology. We examined the general sequence of action for the analysis of image of megaloblastic anemia cells. This sequence is based on the choice of parameters for changing the contrast of the image and application of wavelet ideology.