Background: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with gastroduodenal disease and gastric cancer. Empirical therapy in the treatment of H. pylori infection increases the risk of apparition of antimicrobial drug resistance. In a previous report, in H. pylori clinical isolates, resistance rates to commonly used antimicrobial drugs were as follows: metronidazole 82%, clarithromycin 3.8%, and amoxicillin 1.9%. The aim was to establish the variation of resistance rates and the detection of H. pylori genetic mutations isolated from dyspeptic patients. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were performed by the E-test method for metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline in 61 clini-cal isolates. Sequencing was performed to detect mutations associated with resistance to clarithromycin. Results: According to our results, resistance rates found in the 61 isolates were 78.60% for metronidazole and 8.20% for clarithromycin. None of the studied isolates had resistance to tetracycline and amoxicillin. Secondary resistance rates displayed an increase when compared to primary rates for metronidazole (87.50 vs. 77.35%) and for clarithromycin (25.66 vs. 5.66%). Of 5 isolates resistant to clarithromycin, 3 had the A2143G mutation. By comparing the results in this work with previous reports, antimicrobial drug resistance rates did not show major modifications for metronidazole, amoxicillin, and tetracycline during the last 10 years. For clarithromycin, the resistance rate showed a moderate increase; nevertheless, it remains low (< 15%) and this change was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Together, all findings in this work indicate that these antimicrobial drugs can still be used as first line of defense on infected patients living in this region of the country.
Objective: evaluate the cleaning and disinfection procedures (CDP) in six ambulances from three different entities in Pereira (Risaralda-Colombia). Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study frequencies of presence/absence were calculated from data obtained in the bacterial growth results before and after CDP, taking samples in three different places on the ambulances, being: back door, stretcher and wall next to the patient, before and after said processes. Additionally, surveys were carried out at the domicile of companies providing pre-hospital transport service. Results: 77.8% of the samples were positive. The most frequent morphology in the study was gram-positive cocci, which remained in a greater proportion after disinfection. At the microbiologic level, most of these suggested being Staphylococcus aureus-type. By implementing CDP, microbiological isolates were eliminated in 33.3%, being the door the ambulance area, which showed the greatest decrease (50.0%). Conclusions: A high prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms exists in non-critical points of emergency ambulances. With CDPs, a decrease in microorganisms is achieved, but not their elimination, leaving in evidence that different factors must be considered in order to improve these CDP.
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes food poisoning as well as hospital and community acquired infections. Objective: Establish the profile of superantigen genes among hospital isolates in relation to clinical specimen type, susceptibility to antibiotics and hospital or community acquisition. Methods: Eighty one isolates obtained from patients at Colombian hospital, were classified by antimicrobial susceptibility, specimen type and hospital or community acquired . The PCR uniplex and multiplex was used for detection of 22 superantigen genes (18 enterotoxins, tsst-1 and three exfoliative toxins). Results: Ninety five point one percent of isolates harbored one or more of the genes with an average of 5.6 genes. Prevalence of individual genes was variable and the most prevalent was seg (51.9%). 39 genotypes were obtained, and the genotype gimnou (complete egc cluster) was the most prevalent alone (16.0%) and in association with other genes (13.6%). The correlation between presence of superantigens and clinical specimen or antimicrobial susceptibility showed no significant difference. But there was significant difference between presence of superantigens and the origin of the isolates, hospital or community acquired (p= 0.049). Conclusions: The results show the variability of the superantigen genes profile in hospital isolates and shows no conclusive relationship with the clinical sample type and antimicrobial susceptibility, but there was correlation with community and hospital isolates. The analysis of the interplay between virulence, epidemic and antibiotic resistance of bacterial populations is needed to predict the future of infectious diseases.
ResumenEl aislamiento y obtención de cultivos puros posiblemente hayan sido las bases más importantes en el desarrollo de la Microbiología. Los primeros trabajos en Microbiología se hicieron en unas condiciones experimentales que no permitían tener la certeza de que se hubieran obtenido cultivos puros. Más adelante, los microbiólogos observaron que, aparentemente, los microorganismos tenían una gran capacidad de variación en cuanto a su aspecto morfológico y características fisiológicas. Un cultivo puro es aquel que contiene una sola clase de microorganismo. En la práctica los cultivos puros son útiles por diferentes razones: mantienen los organismos viables, permiten hacer subcultivos para someterlos a diferentes análisis. Para obtener lo anterior es necesario recurrir a las técnicas de recuento. Existen métodos que permiten establecer el número de microorganismos en una muestra dada. Hay métodos que cuantifican el número de células, y existen otros que cuantifican la masa total de la población. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las diversas técnicas utilizadas para el recuento de células de microorganismos, al igual que evaluar la efectividad de cada uno de estos métodos de conteo de células.Palabras Clave: cámara de Neubauer, patrón de McFarland, recuento en placa, crecimiento microbiano. AbstractThe isolation and obtaining of pure cultures have possibly been the most important bases in the development of Microbiology.
Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus coloniza mucosas y piel, y causa graves infecciones en el hombre y los animales. Es importante establecer el estatus de portadoras de cepas enterotoxigénicas de este microorganismo en manipuladoras de alimentos, con el fin de prevenir intoxicaciones alimentarias.Objetivo. Establecer las correlaciones entre los genes de enterotoxinas clásicas, el gen tsst-1, la producción de toxinas en cultivo y la resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos de S. aureus provenientes de manipuladoras de alimentos que cuidan niños en sus comunidades.Materiales y métodos. Se cultivaron muestras de las fosas nasales y las yemas de los dedos de las manos, y se identificó S. aureus empleando las pruebas de rutina y métodos automatizados. La extracción de ADN se hizo mediante el método de bromuro de cetil-trimetil-amonio (Cetyl-Trimethyl-Ammonium Bromide, CTAB) modificado. Para la detección de superantígenos se emplearon pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) simple y múltiple, y para la de toxinas, estuches comerciales.Resultados. Se encontró que el 22,0 % de los aislamientos correspondía a portadoras de S. aureus: 17,0 % en los aislamientos de fosas nasales; 5,0 % en los de las manos y 6,7 % simultáneamente en los dos sitios. La prevalencia de superantígenos fue de 73,7 %. El genotipo más frecuente fue el seatsst-1, con 10,0 %. La resistencia a un solo antibiótico fue de 74,7 % y, a cuatro antibióticos, de 3,2 %; de los aislamientos, el 93,7 % correspondía a cepas productoras de betalactamasas. La detección de genes clásicos y de tsst-1 mediante PCR fue de 48,4 % y la de toxinas en el sobrenadante, de 42,1 %,con una correlación de 95,7 %. Las mayores correlaciones se establecieron entre las toxinas TSST-1 (22/22) y SEA (17/18). La correlación del gen tsst-1 con la proteína y la resistencia fue de 100 %. Todos los aislamientos con el genotipo sea-tsst-1 t fueron resistentes y productores de las toxinas.Conclusión. La tasa de aislamientos de S. aureus toxigénicos y resistentes obtenidos de mujeres que cuidan y preparan alimentos para niños fue de más de 70 %, lo que demostró su gran virulencia y la consecuente necesidad de aplicar estrictamente las normas higiénicas y sanitarias vigentes para evitar el riesgo de intoxicación alimentaria.
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