<p><strong>English</strong><br />Problems and challenges in achieving sustainable Indonesian food security are multi-dimensional including economic, social, political, and environmental aspects. Identification of those problems and challenges can be approached through food supply and demand analysis. From supply side, those challenges, among others, are a stiff competition in the use of natural resources, impacts of global climate change, and the dominance of small-scale farmers in food farming. From demand side, several challenges are the existence of high population growth and its dynamic characteristics, change in food consumers' preference, and competition in demand for food commodities as human consumption, feed, and energy uses. This paper aims to review current condition of Indonesian food security, to analyze challenges faced by this country, and to formulate policy alternatives in achieving sustainable Indonesian food security toward 2025. This analysis found out that in the last five years Indonesia was able to provide enough food to fulfill its people’s need, however quality of food consumption of an average Indonesian was under standard dietary pattern recommended by nutritionists. Challenges to achieve sustainable Indonesian food security toward 2025 will be more difficult. To response to the challenges, this article recommends some adjustment on policy direction of food security development, especially related to defining goals, choosing means and ways in achieving the goals, and setting targets of food security development.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Permasalahan dan tantangan untuk mewujudkan ketahanan pangan Indonesia berkelanjutan bersifat multidimensi, mencakup aspek ekonomi, sosial, politik, dan lingkungan. Indentifikasi permasalahan dan tantangan tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui analisis penawaran dan permintaan pangan. Dari sisi penawaran, tantangan tersebut diantaranya berupa persaingan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, dampak perubahan iklim global, dan dominasi usahatani skala kecil. Dari sisi permintaan, diantara tantangan tersebut adalah pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi beserta dinamika karakteristik demografisnya, perubahan selera konsumen, dan persaingan permintaan komoditas pangan untuk konsumsi manusia, pakan, dan bahan baku energi. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi ketahanan pangan Indonesia saat ini, mengkaji tantangan 10 tahun yang akan datang, dan merumuskan alternatif kebijakan untuk mewujudkan ketahanan pangan Indonesia berkelanjutan menuju 2025. Dari hasil kajian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa selama lima tahun terakhir secara makro Indonesia mampu menyediakan pangan yang cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan warganya, namun kualitas konsumsi pangan rata-rata masyarakat Indonesia masih di bawah rekomendasi para ahli gizi. Tantangan menuju ketahanan pangan Indonesia berkelanjutan tahun 2025 akan semakin berat. Untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut, dalam artikel ini disarankan perlunya dilakukan penyesuaian arah kebijakan pembangunan ketahanan pangan, khususnya dalam menetapkan tujuan, memilih cara mencapai tujuan, dan menentukan sasaran ketahanan pangan nasional.</p>

<p>Consumption of animal food sources at the right amount is needed to help overcome nutrition problems, including stunting. Related to provision of animal food sources, Ministry of Agriculture has expanded the target of self sufficiency from beef only to animal protein from livestock. Related to this event, it is needed accurate information on consumption pattern of this food group. Objective of this writing is to present results of analyses on animal food consumption at household level identified by region and income class. Source of data used was Susenas 2014 from Statistic Indonesia with national coverage. Results of the analyses showed that participation rate and animal food consumption per capita were high at urban and highest income class households. At aggregate level, consumption per capita of livestock and fishery products by urban household were higher than that in rural areas. Type of animal food frequently consumed were broiler eggs, broiler chicken, and mackerel/tuna/skipjack. On the average, per capita beef consumption and consumption participation rate were low. Recommendation of this study is that efforts to achieve animal protein self sufficiency are done through intensification program on production and product development of livestock and fishery based products, development of infrastructure and marketing institution to expedite animal products’ distribution, maintain affordable and stable prices of animal protein sources, and intensive promotion of the importance of animal protein consumption in the context of diverse, nutritious balanced, and safe food pattern.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Konsumsi pangan sumber protein hewani dalam jumlah cukup diperlukan untuk membantu mengatasi berbagai permasalahan gizi, termasuk stunting. Terkait penyediaan pangan sumber protein hewani, Kementerian Pertanian memperluas sasaran swasembada dari hanya daging sapi menjadi protein hewani asal ternak. Sehubungan dengan itu, diperlukan informasi yang akurat terkait pola konsumsi kelompok pangan ini. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menyajikan hasil analisis berbagai pola konsumsi pangan hewani di tingkat rumah tangga yang dikaji berdasarkan kelas pendapatan dan wilayah tempat tinggal. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah hasil Susenas tahun 2014 dari BPS dengan cakupan nasional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tingkat partisipasi dan besaran konsumsi pangan hewani tinggi pada rumah tangga di perkotaan dan pada rumah tangga berpendapatan tinggi. Secara aggregat, konsumsi produk peternakan dan perikanan di perkotaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan di pedesaan. Jenis pangan hewani yang banyak dikonsumsi adalah telur ayam ras, daging ayam ras dan ikan tongkol/tuna/cakalang. Rata-rata konsumsi daging sapi/kapita sangat rendah dan angka partisipasi konsumsi juga rendah. Disarankan upaya pencapaian swasembada protein hewani dilakukan melalui intensifikasi peningkatan produksi dan pengembangan produk pangan asal ternak dan ikan, pengembangan prasarana dan kelembagaan pemasaran untuk memperlancar distribusi, menjaga harga wajar serta stabil, dan promosi yang intensif atas pentingnya makan sumber pangan protein hewani dalam konteks pola makan beragam bergizi seimbang dan aman.</p>

<p>Rice is the main staple food for Indonesian population. At the same time, per capita consumption of wheat products has increased annually.  One of main government policies related to food consumption is to accelerate food and nutrition diversification based on local food sources. Objective of this study was to understand demand for various carbohydrate food sources at household level by introducing socio-economic variables such as household size, wife working status, and characteristics of household head. This research used Susenas 2017 data at national level.  Demand for food was estimated by the AIDS model.  Rice was still as the most favorable carbohydrate source for Indonesian people. Bread and processed food were categorized as luxurious; while rice, wheat flour, cereals, and roots were as normal goods. Own-price demand elasticity for rice, wheat flour, cereals, and roots were elastic, meanwhile for bread and prepared foods were inelastic. Reducing per capita rice consumption, among others, should be conducted by increasing knowledge and awareness of household members of the importance of food consumption diversification. The government should be aware of the continuing increase in wheat flour imports in line with national economic growth due to high income elasticity for bread and processed food.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Pangan sumber karbohidrat yang merupakan pemasok utama energi untuk menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari penduduk Indonesia masih didominasi oleh beras.  Bersamaan dengan itu, konsumsi pangan/kapita berasal dari gandum meningkat setiap tahunnya. Di fihak lain, Indonesia memiliki beragam pangan lokal sumber karbohidrat. Salah satu kebijakan utama pemerintah terkait konsumsi pangan adalah mempercepat diversifikasi pangan dan gizi berbasis pangan lokal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui permintaan pangan berbagai komoditas sumber karbohidrat di tingkat rumah tangga dengan memasukkan variabel sosial ekonomi yaitu jumlah anggota rumah tangga, status istri bekerja, dan karakterestik kepala keluarga. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Susenas tahun 2017 untuk tingkat nasional dari BPS. Permintaan pangan dianalisis dengan menggunakan model AIDS. Hasil analisis mengkonfirmasi bahwa beras masih menjadi komoditas sumber karbohidrat yang paling diminati masyarakat. Roti dan makanan jadi merupakan golongan pangan mewah sedangkan beras, terigu, padi-padian, serta umbi merupakan barang normal. Elastisitas harga sendiri untuk permintaan komoditas beras, terigu, padi-padian, dan umbi bersifat inelastis sedangkan roti dan makanan jadi tergolong elastis. Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan upaya pengurangan konsumsi beras/kapita diantaranya dilakukan melalui peningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran anggota rumah tangga mengenai manfaat diversifikasi pangan dan gizi untuk memelihara hidup sehat dan produktif. Pemerintah perlu mewaspadai berlanjutnya peningkatan impor terigu sejalan dengan  pertembuhan ekonomi nasional karena roti dan makanan jadi memiliki elastisitas pendapatan yang tinggi.</p>

Corn is the second carbohydrate source after rice that has a role in achieving food security, supplying sufficient animal feed, and even lately is used as feedstock for alternative energy (biofuel). The importance of corn in a national food system can be seen from a current government policy that has set a target to achieve corn selfsufficiency within three years or in 2017. To formulate accurate operational policies for achieving corn selfsufficiency, various information are needed, among others are corn farming performance and competitiveness. This study aims to analyze corn farming profitability, competitiveness, and strategy for improving its competitiveness using a Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach. Main data used were cost structure of corn farming in planting season of 2011/2012 from Statistics Indonesia. The results showed that corn farming in Indonesia was profitable, with the financial benefits was around Rp 6.7 million/ha with R/C ratio 1.73, and economic profit reached Rp 8.7 million/ha with R/C ratio 1.90. National corn farming also had a strong competitive ability, as indicated by DRCR and PCR values 0.48 and 0.54, respectively. Therefore, corn farming in Indonesia was efficient economically and financially or had comparative and competitive advantages. This information can be used as a guidance in formulation of operational policies to increase corn production in order to fulfill domestic needs or even for export. To boost corn production, besides policies related to increasing efficiency and productivity in production subsystem, the policies should also be directed to improve efficiency and performance in other agribusiness subsystems.

Red chilli is one of basic commodities in Indonesia, in household consumption and raw material of industry even though the price of red chilli not only often fluctuates but also contributing to inflation. Policies taken by the government against the red chilli was with the application of the reference price, as the management of importation, for stabilizing the price of red chilli. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the reference price policy in influencing red chilli deals through red chilli import management and determine the factors that affect the red chilli deals in the effort to stabilize the price, using two stage least square (TSLS) simultaneous model with secondary data from Desember 2010- September 2016. In this study, red chili supply models in Indonesia consisted of five equations, four structural equations, and one identity equation. The structural equation consisted of red chili production, red chili import, red chili export, and red chili prices while the identity equation namely red chili supply. The results showed that reference price application had not been effective because it was not able to manage the importation properly, caused red chilli prices were still fluctuating. Implementation of reference prices did not significantly affect imports and prices, it indicated that the reference price policy was ineffective. This policy should be pursued by strengthening the development of production and to encourage red chilli farmers interest to increase the amount of production for continuity the supply side.

<p>Fertilizer is one of important production factors in food farming to gain high productivity. Efforts to manage procurement, distribution, and proper fertilizer application have been regulated, implemented, and controlled by the government. However, complaints related to fertilizer distribution problems still exist. This study aims to analyze national fertilizer performance, especially fertilizer policy for food sector, fertilizer industry, and farmer dynamics in formulating fertilizer needs and its application; and to formulate fertilizer policy alternatives that can increase fertilizer distribution efficiency and use of budget subsidy. Coverage and data of this study were at national level. Analytical methods of this study were both quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. The main finding of this study was a formulation of four policy alternatives pertaining distribution mean of direct fertilizer subsidy delivered to farmers. Implementation of these policy alternatives requires availability of accurate data on rice farmers, agricultural land ownership and use, and food farming system profile nationwide. In the short run, in order to increase distribution efficiency of subsidized fertilizer to farmers, it is recommended that some adjustments to the current fertilizer policy must be done on price of natural gas as raw material for Urea, level of subsidized price of fertilizers paid by farmers, document of definitive plan of fertilizer needs of farmer groups (RDKK), and function of fertilizer supervision commission at regional levels. </p><p> </p><p align="left">Abstrak</p><p>Pupuk merupakan salah satu faktor produksi penting dalam usaha tani pangan untuk memperoleh produktivitas tinggi. Upaya mengelola pengadaan, penyaluran, dan penggunaan pupuk telah diatur, dilaksanakan, dan diawasi pemerintah, namun keluhan terkait dengan permasalahan penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi masih saja terjadi. Pengkajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalis keragaan perpupukan nasional, terutama kebijakan penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi untuk subsektor pangan, industri pupuk nasional, dan dinamika petani dalam penyusunan kebutuhan serta pemanfaatan pupuk; dan merumuskan alternatif kebijakan perpupukan yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dalam penyaluran dan anggaran subsidi pupuk. Cakupan kajian dan data yang digunakan adalah pada tingkat nasional. Metode kajian menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil  utama kajian ini berupa formulasi empat alternatif kebijakan cara penyaluran anggaran subsidi pupuk langsung diberikan kepada petani. Implementasi alernatif kebijakan tersebut mempersyaratkan tersedianya data yang akurat tentang petani padi, penguasaan dan pengusahaan lahan pertanian, dan profil usaha tani pangan secara nasional. Dalam jangka pendek, untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi ke petani disarankan dilakukan beberapa penyesuaian atas kebijakan perpupukan saat ini, yaitu harga gas bumi sebagai bahan baku Urea, harga eceran tertinggi pupuk bersubsidi, dokumen rencana definitif kebutuhan kelompok (RDKK), dan fungsi komisi pengawasan pupuk di daerah.</p>

Upaya meningkatkan ketersediaan pangan dalam membangun ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan semakin sulit dilakukan. Hal ini terkait dengan adanya masalah konversi lahan pertanian dan perubahan iklim, sehingga memperburuk kinerja produksi pertanian serta volatilitas harga pangan. Kecenderungan yang kurang kondusif ini tidak memberikan insentif bagi petani untuk berinvestasi pada pengembangan teknologi pertanian. Terkait dengan kendala tersebut, maka upaya mengurangi pemborosan pangan menjadi sangat relevan, sebagai langkah alternatif dalam meningkatkan ketersediaan pangan, sehingga pada akhirnya memperkuat ketahanan pangan. Pengurangan pemborosan pangan sebesar 25 persen, ketersediaan pangan beras di Indonesia meningkat 4,1 kg per kapita dan 2,5 kg per kapita bagi penduduk dunia. Jumlah ini tentunya akan semakin meningkat sejalan dengan menurunnya pemborosan pangan. Pemborosan pangan terjadi karena adanya persoalan pola pikir, budaya, dan kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap kehilangan nilai ekonomi pangan. Oleh karena itu, upaya pengurangan pemborosan pangan dapat dilakukan melalui sosialiasi dan kampanye informasi dan pengetahuan dengan memanfaatkan ajaran agama dan kearifan lokal dalam menumbuhkan kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya arti kehilangan nilai ekonomi pangan dalam membangun ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan.

Especially for Asian regions, rice is a strategic commodity because it is a staple food for most of the Asian people. In terms of agricultural land resources availability, several countries have become importers whereas the others exporters. The result of economic study in Asia shows that Cambodia and Thailand have a better agricultural land resource availability to provide rice for their people than the other countries in Asia. The rice farming system is able to give a better life to rice farmers in Malaysia, but it is unable yet to Indonesian rice farmers because of their very small landholding size, even though they have applied intensive technology. Indonesian food autonomy (for rice) is better than that of several countries in Asia, such as Nepal, Japan, the Philippine and Malaysia. ABSTRAKKhususnya bagi kawasan Asia, beras merupakan komoditas strategis karena sebagian besar penduduknya menjadikan beras sebagai makanan pokok. Terkait dengan ketersediaan sumberdaya lahan pertanian untuk memproduksi beras, sebagian negara menjadi eksportir beras, sebagian lainnya masih harus impor. Hasil kajian komparatif ekonomi padi di Asia menunjukkan bahwa Kamboja dan Thailand memiliki daya dukung lahan pertanian dalam memproduksi beras untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penduduknya paling baik. Malaysia mampu menjadikan usahatani padi memberikan kehidupan yang layak bagi petaninya, sementara usahatani padi di Indonesia belum mampu memberikan kehidupan yang layak bagi petani, karena rata-rata luas garapan petani padi di Indonesia sangat sempit, sekalipun teknologi produksi padi yang diterapkan petani Indonesia sudah cukup intensif, dibawah China, Korea, Jepang, dan Vietnam. Tingkat kemandirian pangan beras Indonesia relatif lebih baik dibanding negara Nepal, Jepang, Filipina, dan Malaysia, namun masih lemah dibandingkan negara Asia lainnya.Kata kunci : daya dukung lahan, teknologi, padi, Asia