Digestion of sugar beet pulp was assessed in relation to biogas and methane production, foaming potential, and digestate dewaterability. Four 4-litre working volume digesters were operated mesophilically (37 ±0.5 o C) and four thermophilically (55±0.5 o C) over three hydraulic retention times. Digesters were operated in duplicate at organic loading rates (OLR) of 4 and 5 g volatile solids l -1 day -1 without water addition. Thermophilic digestion gave higher biogas and methane productivity than mesophilic and was able to operate at the higher OLR, where mesophilic digestion showed signs of instability. Digestate dewaterability was assessed using capillary suction time and frozen image centrifugation. The occurrence of, or potential for, stable foam formation was assessed using a foaming potential test. Thermophilic operation allowed higher loadings to be applied without loss of performance, and gave a digestate with superior dewatering characteristics and very little foaming potential.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah Media gambar dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi belajar anak di Raudhatul Athfal (RA) Annajmah Kebayoran Lama Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research), karena dilakukan untuk memecahkan masalah pembelajaran di kelas. Penelitian ini juga termasuk penelitian deskriptif, sebab menggambarkan sesuatu teknik pembelajaran yang diterapkan dan bagaimana hasil yang diinginkan dapat tercapai. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus dengan prosedur tindakan sebagai berikut, (1) perencanaan, (2) pelaksanaan, (3) pengamatan dan evaluasi, (4) analisis dan refleksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan konsentrasi belajar anak setelah mengikuti pelaksanaan kegiatan dengan media gambar pada siklus 1 yang mulanya hanya mencapai 70% mengalami peningkatan yang cukup signifikan yakni mencapai 84%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa media gambar dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi belajar pada anak kelompok B di RA Annajmah Kebayoran Lama

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<p>Consumption of animal food sources at the right amount is needed to help overcome nutrition problems, including stunting. Related to provision of animal food sources, Ministry of Agriculture has expanded the target of self sufficiency from beef only to animal protein from livestock. Related to this event, it is needed accurate information on consumption pattern of this food group. Objective of this writing is to present results of analyses on animal food consumption at household level identified by region and income class. Source of data used was Susenas 2014 from Statistic Indonesia with national coverage. Results of the analyses showed that participation rate and animal food consumption per capita were high at urban and highest income class households. At aggregate level, consumption per capita of livestock and fishery products by urban household were higher than that in rural areas. Type of animal food frequently consumed were broiler eggs, broiler chicken, and mackerel/tuna/skipjack. On the average, per capita beef consumption and consumption participation rate were low. Recommendation of this study is that efforts to achieve animal protein self sufficiency are done through intensification program on production and product development of livestock and fishery based products, development of infrastructure and marketing institution to expedite animal products’ distribution, maintain affordable and stable prices of animal protein sources, and intensive promotion of the importance of animal protein consumption in the context of diverse, nutritious balanced, and safe food pattern.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Konsumsi pangan sumber protein hewani dalam jumlah cukup diperlukan untuk membantu mengatasi berbagai permasalahan gizi, termasuk stunting. Terkait penyediaan pangan sumber protein hewani, Kementerian Pertanian memperluas sasaran swasembada dari hanya daging sapi menjadi protein hewani asal ternak. Sehubungan dengan itu, diperlukan informasi yang akurat terkait pola konsumsi kelompok pangan ini. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menyajikan hasil analisis berbagai pola konsumsi pangan hewani di tingkat rumah tangga yang dikaji berdasarkan kelas pendapatan dan wilayah tempat tinggal. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah hasil Susenas tahun 2014 dari BPS dengan cakupan nasional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tingkat partisipasi dan besaran konsumsi pangan hewani tinggi pada rumah tangga di perkotaan dan pada rumah tangga berpendapatan tinggi. Secara aggregat, konsumsi produk peternakan dan perikanan di perkotaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan di pedesaan. Jenis pangan hewani yang banyak dikonsumsi adalah telur ayam ras, daging ayam ras dan ikan tongkol/tuna/cakalang. Rata-rata konsumsi daging sapi/kapita sangat rendah dan angka partisipasi konsumsi juga rendah. Disarankan upaya pencapaian swasembada protein hewani dilakukan melalui intensifikasi peningkatan produksi dan pengembangan produk pangan asal ternak dan ikan, pengembangan prasarana dan kelembagaan pemasaran untuk memperlancar distribusi, menjaga harga wajar serta stabil, dan promosi yang intensif atas pentingnya makan sumber pangan protein hewani dalam konteks pola makan beragam bergizi seimbang dan aman.</p>

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In this study, the biomethane potential of five agricultural crop residues (ACR's) (rice straw, vegetable waste, maize straw, coffee husk and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB)) and five Fruit-Based Agro-Industrial Wastes (FBAIW's) (jackfruit straw, banana, orange, apple and pineapple peel waste) were evaluated. The carbon and energy balance for each waste was also theoretically modelled for two biogas conversion scenarios (AD with CHP or biogas upgrading). A standard biomethane potential test (BMP) was operated over 30 days at 37 o C. Specific methane potential (SMP) of FBAIW's was generally higher than that of the ACR's, except for vegetable waste. Vegetable waste was identified as having the highest SMP (0.420 m 3 /kgVS added ). With respect to ACRs, OPEFB and coffee husk had the lowest SMP values of 0.185 and 0.181 m 3 /kgVS added , respectively. This was attributed to the higher lignin content of these wastes which can impact on biodegradation and subsequent biogas production. Theoretical estimations showed a positive energy balance for all wastes tested. In terms of exportable energy, apple peel waste was shown to have the highest exportable energy potential. The FBAIW's also exhibited greater emissions savings than ACR's (with the exception of vegetable waste). This study concluded that there is good potential to valorise these wastes using AD and that this could address the challenges of waste management and clean energy provision in Indonesia.

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