Genus Sargassum termasuk kelas rumput laut cokelat (Phaeophyceae) yang terdiri dari sekitar 400 spesies, dan banyak ditemukan di perairan Indonesia. Sargassum sp. kaya dengan berbagai jenis senyawa bioaktif, yang penting untuk pencegahan maupun terapi berbagai penyakit. Ulasan ilmiah ini dilakukan untuk mengulas jenis-jenis senyawa bioaktif, senyawa bioaktif dominan, dan aktivitas biologisnya dalam genus Sargassum, berdasarkan penelitianpenelitian ilmiah yang telah dipublikasikan. Dari ulasan ilmiah ini dapat diketahui bahwa senyawa-senyawa bioaktif dalam Sargassum sp. meliputi florotanin, terpenoid, chromene, derivat tetraprenyltoluquinol, fukosantin, fukoidan, alginat, asam-asam fenolat, katekin, kuersetin, fukosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, feofitin A, dan sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. Florotanin, fukosantin, fukoidan, alginat, fukosterol, meroditerpenoid dan gentisic acid adalah senyawa bioaktif dominan dalam Sargassum sp. Meroditerpenoid merupakan senyawa bioaktif khas dalam Sargassum sp., yang tidak diproduksi oleh genus rumput laut lainnya. Aktivitas biologis dari senyawa-senyawa bioaktif Sargassum sp. yaitu antioksidan, antikanker, antitumor, antiinflamasi, antihipertensi, antiobesitas, antidiabetes, antibakteri, antifungi, antivirus, antialergi (ovalbumin dan udang), hipokolesterolemia, neuroprotektif, pencerah kulit dan proteksi ROS intraseluler. Dengan demikian, senyawa-senyawa bioaktif dalam Sargassum sp. potensial untuk mendorong kesehatan
Background: S. cristaefolium is the brown seaweed extracted using the serial technique with different solvents. Methods: S. cristaefolium powder (50 mesh) was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol respectively. The S. cristaefolium powder residue had been dried before being re-extracted with the next different solvents. Three serial extracts were obtained and named as the 1-stage extract, 2-stage extract, and 3-stage extract. Besides, a single-step extract (extraction using only methanol) was also produced to compare with three serial extracts in antibacterial activity tests (against E. coli and S. aureus). The three serial extracts were detected their antibacterial compounds using GC-MS, LC-HRMS, and FT-IR. Results: The 3-stage extract had the highest extraction yield. On S. aureus, the inhibition zone in all extracts was not significantly different. On E.coli, the highest inhibition zone (5.42±0.14 mm) was the 3-stage extract, indeed it is higher than both antibiotic and a single-step extract. Phenol, 9-Tricosene(Z)-, palmitic acid, and oleamide were contained in all extracts. Other antibacterial compound types, both the 1-stage and 2-stage extracts contained 8 types whilst the 3-stage extract contained the most types (12 types). Particularly, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and betaine were detected only in the 3-stage extract with the dominant area. The carboxylic acid groups were detected in all extracts to confirm the fatty acid structure. Several cinnamic aldehyde groups were detected only in the 3-stage extract. Conclusions: Thus, the extraction technique serially could produce the 3-stage extract which has the strongest antibacterial activity and the richest antibacterial compounds.
A commercial herbal oil with different bottle materials on the Indonesian markets was studied. The effects of the different specimens viz. PET-new, PET-open, and AL-new on the main antibacterial components of herbal oil were investigated.Step-1, analysis of antibacterial activity (against S. aureus and E. coli) and testing of non-toxic (in-vivo).Step-2, detection of the main antibacterial compounds (6 types) during the storage times. The market and environmental aspects were also considered. The results, all specimens had antibacterial activity and they showed non-toxic. At the 0-month, six types of main antibacterial compounds were detected in all specimens. The longer the storage time, the more main antibacterial compounds were lost. The most loss (4 types) was observed in and PET-open. PET-new showed the least loss (1 type) at 6-months and 12-months, namely eugenol. Interestingly, PET-new was able to retain curcumene, farnesol, and p-cymene for up to 12 months of storage. PET-new was also more economical (8.7% cheaper) and environmental-friendly than AL-new. The sprayer cap types are strongly recommended for PET herbal oil packaging.
Melinjo tree is a tree that is commonly found in Cilayang Village, Cikeusal District. Melinjo has many benefits, the wood can be used as a simple board and household appliance, the young leaves are referred to as so in Javanese used as vegetable ingredients, for example in the vegetable asem flowers and seeds that are still small or that have been cooked are also used as vegetables, melinjo seeds are also used as raw materials for emping, and the skin can be used as a vegetable. To improve the economy of the people of Cilayang Village, especially for housewives, it is necessary to have innovation from this melinjo. The implementation of this community service activity is in the form of assistance for EMPING MSMEs in Cilayang Village. The innovation carried out from emping is by creating a press machine to facilitate the production process, variations in emping flavors with four flavors, namely original, salty, pedaas, and original. As well as the packaging of empings that are packaged to be more modern. As a result of this activity, the people of Cilayang Village are able to produce light food from melinjo fruit
This research aimed to find the problems that students did in answering TOEFL especially in listening section. The research used descriptive qualitative approach. For the data collection, it used the instrument is interview. The subjects of the research were non english department students in seventh grade of FIKES Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta. To analyze the data, it was through the techniques: data collection, data display, data reduction, and conclusion drawing. 25 seventh semester students of Nursing Study Program participated in this study selected by using random sampling techniques. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this research. The results of this research indicate that the difficulties experienced by students based on the the interview are difficultiy in their concentration while listening, difficulty regarding vocabulary meaning, difficulty in catching meaning in long and speed conversation, and difficulty in recognizing unfamiliar topic.
This research identifies students’ lexical errors in translating English text into Indonesian at Open University (Universitas Terbuka). The lexicon is essential in a translation. A good and acceptable translation should be able to successfully render the message of the source language into the target language by using the appropriate lexicon. The incorrect lexical choice will distort the source language's message. A translation test was administered to 35 students as part of the data collection process. The finding shows some students wrongly order the word in a sentence as the result of word by word translation and they translate it using dictionary and translation machine like Google translate so that it still has errors in sentence or word. In addition, some of the students translate English text into Indonesian word by word. So that the translation did not correspond with the meaning of the text. Even though they used a dictionary, but they did not understand the text perfectly.
Background: Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has high potential as a traditional anticancer drug. This study aimed to analyze the anticancer activity of turmeric ethanol extract on T47D cells and examine the interaction of Akt1 protein with compounds contained in turmeric. Methods: The cytotoxicity assay was conducted using WST-1 reagents. Apoptosis assay used annexin V-PI, whereas cell cycle assay used PI, and then the results were analyzed using a flow cytometer. LC-HRMS analysis was conducted to identify the active compounds. Docking between Akt1 and ligands was performed using Autodock 4.2 software. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted using YASARA with a time parameter of 20 ns, pH 7.4, and 37°C. Results: The extract had a strong toxicity on T47D cells (cytotoxicity IC50 value: 26.36 ± 1.55 µg/mL). The extract induced apoptosis of T47D cells at the IC50 dose (~30% cells) and induced the cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Curcumin, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid and caryophyllene oxide had lower binding energy into Akt1 than AZD5363 used as a positive control. Curcumin, Ar-turmerone, and α-curcumene bind in the ATP binding pocket of Akt1, so the compounds have a high potential to be an ATP-competitive Akt1 inhibitors. The interaction of Akt1 with the compound contained in turmeric had an RMSD backbone value that was more stable than that of ATP and AZD5363. Root-mean-square fluctuation values indicated that amino acid residues that had an essential role in ligand binding sites were stable during simulation. Conclusions: The turmeric ethanol extract had a potential anti-cancer effect by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell cycle progression on T47D cells. The docking analysis showed that the active compounds of the extract, such as curcumin, Ar-turmerone, caryophyllene oxide, and α-curcumene, were able to bind into the ATP binding pocket of Akt1 that might inhibit the protein activity and induce cell cycle arrest.
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