Sulochrin is known to have an activity as inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme. In this report interaction of sulochrin to the active site of the α-glucosidase enzyme from
Background: S. cristaefolium is the brown seaweed extracted using the serial technique with different solvents. Methods: S. cristaefolium powder (50 mesh) was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol respectively. The S. cristaefolium powder residue had been dried before being re-extracted with the next different solvents. Three serial extracts were obtained and named as the 1-stage extract, 2-stage extract, and 3-stage extract. Besides, a single-step extract (extraction using only methanol) was also produced to compare with three serial extracts in antibacterial activity tests (against E. coli and S. aureus). The three serial extracts were detected their antibacterial compounds using GC-MS, LC-HRMS, and FT-IR. Results: The 3-stage extract had the highest extraction yield. On S. aureus, the inhibition zone in all extracts was not significantly different. On E.coli, the highest inhibition zone (5.42±0.14 mm) was the 3-stage extract, indeed it is higher than both antibiotic and a single-step extract. Phenol, 9-Tricosene(Z)-, palmitic acid, and oleamide were contained in all extracts. Other antibacterial compound types, both the 1-stage and 2-stage extracts contained 8 types whilst the 3-stage extract contained the most types (12 types). Particularly, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and betaine were detected only in the 3-stage extract with the dominant area. The carboxylic acid groups were detected in all extracts to confirm the fatty acid structure. Several cinnamic aldehyde groups were detected only in the 3-stage extract. Conclusions: Thus, the extraction technique serially could produce the 3-stage extract which has the strongest antibacterial activity and the richest antibacterial compounds.
A commercial herbal oil with different bottle materials on the Indonesian markets was studied. The effects of the different specimens viz. PET-new, PET-open, and AL-new on the main antibacterial components of herbal oil were investigated.Step-1, analysis of antibacterial activity (against S. aureus and E. coli) and testing of non-toxic (in-vivo).Step-2, detection of the main antibacterial compounds (6 types) during the storage times. The market and environmental aspects were also considered. The results, all specimens had antibacterial activity and they showed non-toxic. At the 0-month, six types of main antibacterial compounds were detected in all specimens. The longer the storage time, the more main antibacterial compounds were lost. The most loss (4 types) was observed in and PET-open. PET-new showed the least loss (1 type) at 6-months and 12-months, namely eugenol. Interestingly, PET-new was able to retain curcumene, farnesol, and p-cymene for up to 12 months of storage. PET-new was also more economical (8.7% cheaper) and environmental-friendly than AL-new. The sprayer cap types are strongly recommended for PET herbal oil packaging.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represents a promising target for PSMA-overexpressing diseases, especially prostate cancer-a common type of cancer among men worldwide. In response to the challenges in tackling prostate cancers, several promising PSMA inhibitors from a variety of molecular scaffolds (e.g., phosphorous-, thiol-, and urea-based molecules) have been developed. In addition, PSMA inhibitors bearing macrocyclic chelators have attracted interest due to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Recently, conjugating a small PSMA molecule inhibitor-bearing 1,4,7,10-N,N,N’’,N’’’-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator, as exemplified by [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-PSMA-617 could serve as a molecular imaging probe and targeted radioligand therapy of metastatic-castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Hence, studies related to mCRPC have drawn global attention. In this review, the recent development of PSMA ligand-617-labeled with 177Lu for the management of mCRPC is presented. Its molecular mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and future direction are also described.
ABSTRAKKit IRMA TSH adalah kit yang digunakan untuk penentuan kadar TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) di dalam serum darah manusia. Hormon tiroid ini merupakan salah satu hormon yang sangat diperlukan tubuh untuk pertumbuhan otak, tulang dan jaringan lain serta mengatur metabolisme di dalam tubuh. Kisaran nilai normal TSH untuk orang dewasa 0,4-4,5 mIU/L, sedangkan untuk bayi 3-18 mIU/L. Apabila tiroid terganggu akan mempengaruhi kualitas tumbuh kembang anak secara optimal. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penetapan kadar TSH di dalam darah guna mengetahui apakah fungsi kelenjar tiroid bekerja secara normal. Penetapan kadar TSH di dalam darah dapat dilakukan dengan metode IRMA (Immuno radio metric assay). Metode IRMA merupakan salah satu teknik immunoassay yang berdasarkan reaksi imunologi (ikatan antigenantibodi) dengan menggunakan radionuklida 125 I sebagai perunut sehingga cuplikan dalam jumlah kecil dapat dideteksi. Selama ini kit IRMA TSH didapat dari impor dengan harga yang cukup mahal. Pusat Teknologi Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka BATAN telah berhasil mengembangkan kit IRMA TSH. Sebelum digunakan dilapangan kit IRMA TSH harus divalidasi meliputi penentuan ketepatan (accuracy), kepekaan (sensitivitas), ketelitian (presisi), dan parameter assay (Non Specific Binding, NSB dan Maximum Binding, MB) sehingga dapat digunakan untuk penentuan kadar TSH dalam darah. Telah dilakukan validasi kit IRMA TSH yang menghasilkan batas deteksi 0,115 ng/mL dengan ketepatan (accuracy) dengan nilai recovery sebesar 93,6-108,0 %, ketelitian intra assay diperoleh nilai % CV (QC L) = 1,9848, % CV (QC M) = 3,6360 dan nilai % CV (QC H) = 2,2085 sedangkan ketelitian inter assay diperoleh nilai % CV (QC L) = 11,0055, % CV (QC M) = 5,6768 dan nilai % CV (QC H) = 5,4181. Kit IRMA TSH ini disimpulkan memberikan unjuk kerja yang baik karena menghasilkan % NSB sebesar 0,68 dan % B/T sebesar 34,64. Kata Kunci: Tiroid, IRMA (Immunoradiometricassay), validasiABSTRACT TSH IRMA kit is a kit used for the determination of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) levels in human blood serum. Thyroid hormone is a hormone that our bodies need for growth of the brain, bone and other tissues and regulate the metabolism in the body. TSH normal range for adult is in the range of 0.4-4.5 mIU/L, whereas for baby is about 3.0-18.0 mIU/L. Thyroid would affect the quality of optimal growth of children if disturbed. Therefore, TSH assay in the blood needs to be determined to know whether the function of the thyroid gland works normally or not. Detection of TSH in blood can be performed by Immunoradiometricassay (IRMA) method. IRMA method is one
OPTIMASI PEMBUATAN COATED TUBE HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN (HSA) UNTUK KIT RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA) MIKROAMBUMIN. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) adalah suatu metoda analisis berdasarkan pada reaksi imunologi yakni ikatan antigen-antibodi, metoda ini sangat spesifik dan peka digunakan untuk menentukan kadar zat-zat yang ada di dalam cairan tubuh seperti serum, urine dan lainnya sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi suatu penyakit metabolik seperti diabetes melitus. Penelitian dan pengembangan teknologi Kit RIA mikroalbuminuria dengan metode coated tube dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap yakni optimasi pembuatan komponen kit, optimasi assay, validasi assay dan uji klinis. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang optimasi pembuatan coated tube HSA salah satu komponen kit RIA mikroalbuminuria untuk pemisah fasa padat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan coated tube HSA yang dapat menghasilkan % B/T yang optimum dengan % NSB yang minimum dan memenuhi persyaratan untuk assay. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara melakukan optimasi larutan dapar sebagai pelarut poliklonal antibodi (Pab)-HSA, optimasi volume coaling (volume Pab-HSA) dan optimasi konsentrasi larutan blocking. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa larutan dapar karbonat bikarbonat 0,05 M pH 9,6 memberikan hasil yang optimum sebagai pelarut Pab-HSA pada titer 1:3000, volume Pab-HSA 750 µL dengan 750 µL larutan bovine serum albumin (BSA) 1 % sebagai blocking dan diperoleh % BIT dan % NSB masing-masing 46,49% ± 0,57 dan 0,77% ± 0,04 serta memenuhi persyaratan Kit RIA untuk assay.
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