Sulochrin is known to have an activity as inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme. In this report interaction of sulochrin to the active site of the α-glucosidase enzyme from

Background: S. cristaefolium is the brown seaweed extracted using the serial technique with different solvents. Methods: S. cristaefolium powder (50 mesh) was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol respectively. The S. cristaefolium powder residue had been dried before being re-extracted with the next different solvents. Three serial extracts were obtained and named as the 1-stage extract, 2-stage extract, and 3-stage extract. Besides, a single-step extract (extraction using only methanol) was also produced to compare with three serial extracts in antibacterial activity tests (against E. coli and S. aureus). The three serial extracts were detected their antibacterial compounds using GC-MS, LC-HRMS, and FT-IR. Results: The 3-stage extract had the highest extraction yield. On S. aureus, the inhibition zone in all extracts was not significantly different. On E.coli, the highest inhibition zone (5.42±0.14 mm) was the 3-stage extract, indeed it is higher than both antibiotic and a single-step extract. Phenol, 9-Tricosene(Z)-, palmitic acid, and oleamide were contained in all extracts. Other antibacterial compound types, both the 1-stage and 2-stage extracts contained 8 types whilst the 3-stage extract contained the most types (12 types). Particularly, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and betaine were detected only in the 3-stage extract with the dominant area. The carboxylic acid groups were detected in all extracts to confirm the fatty acid structure. Several cinnamic aldehyde groups were detected only in the 3-stage extract. Conclusions: Thus, the extraction technique serially could produce the 3-stage extract which has the strongest antibacterial activity and the richest antibacterial compounds.

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A commercial herbal oil with different bottle materials on the Indonesian markets was studied. The effects of the different specimens viz. PET-new, PET-open, and AL-new on the main antibacterial components of herbal oil were investigated.Step-1, analysis of antibacterial activity (against S. aureus and E. coli) and testing of non-toxic (in-vivo).Step-2, detection of the main antibacterial compounds (6 types) during the storage times. The market and environmental aspects were also considered. The results, all specimens had antibacterial activity and they showed non-toxic. At the 0-month, six types of main antibacterial compounds were detected in all specimens. The longer the storage time, the more main antibacterial compounds were lost. The most loss (4 types) was observed in and PET-open. PET-new showed the least loss (1 type) at 6-months and 12-months, namely eugenol. Interestingly, PET-new was able to retain curcumene, farnesol, and p-cymene for up to 12 months of storage. PET-new was also more economical (8.7% cheaper) and environmental-friendly than AL-new. The sprayer cap types are strongly recommended for PET herbal oil packaging.

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