Serial Extraction Technique of Rich Antibacterial Compounds in Sargassum cristaefolium Using Different Solvents and Testing their Activity

Abstract

Background: S. cristaefolium is the brown seaweed extracted using the serial technique with different solvents. Methods: S. cristaefolium powder (50 mesh) was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol respectively. The S. cristaefolium powder residue had been dried before being re-extracted with the next different solvents. Three serial extracts were obtained and named as the 1-stage extract, 2-stage extract, and 3-stage extract. Besides, a single-step extract (extraction using only methanol) was also produced to compare with three serial extracts in antibacterial activity tests (against E. coli and S. aureus). The three serial extracts were detected their antibacterial compounds using GC-MS, LC-HRMS, and FT-IR. Results: The 3-stage extract had the highest extraction yield. On S. aureus, the inhibition zone in all extracts was not significantly different. On E.coli, the highest inhibition zone (5.42±0.14 mm) was the 3-stage extract, indeed it is higher than both antibiotic and a single-step extract. Phenol, 9-Tricosene(Z)-, palmitic acid, and oleamide were contained in all extracts. Other antibacterial compound types, both the 1-stage and 2-stage extracts contained 8 types whilst the 3-stage extract contained the most types (12 types). Particularly, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and betaine were detected only in the 3-stage extract with the dominant area. The carboxylic acid groups were detected in all extracts to confirm the fatty acid structure. Several cinnamic aldehyde groups were detected only in the 3-stage extract. Conclusions: Thus, the extraction technique serially could produce the 3-stage extract which has the strongest antibacterial activity and the richest antibacterial compounds.

Seaweed as a Natural Source against Phytopathogenic Bacteria

“…Some authors associated this potential with the presence of phenolic aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups promoting their binding with bacterial molecules, disturbing their cell viability [ 46 , 159 ]. In addition, various phenolic groups have been found in seaweed extracts, with antibacterial activity demonstrated through in vitro methodologies from a wide range of seaweed, including Anthophycus longifolius and Gracilaria gracilis (highlighting the abundancy of flavonoids), with activity against Bacillus subtilis [ 160 , 161 ]; Caulerpa peltata , Caulerpa scalpelliformis , Sargassum aquifolium , Colpomenia peregrina , Ellisolandia elongata , Punctaria latifolia , Punctaria plantaginea , Scytosiphon lomentaria , and Zanardimia typus with inhibition capacity against Staphylococcus aureus [ 139 , 162 , 163 , 164 ]; Sarconema filiforme against Pseudomonas sp. [ 165 ]; Sargassum muticum against B. subtilis , Escherichia coli and S. aureus [ 166 ]; Sargassum tenerrimum against B. subtilis , E. coli, P. aeruginosa , and S. aureus [ 167 , 168 , 169 ]; Sargassum cristaefolium against E. coli and S. aureus [ 164 ]; Gracilaria corticata , S. wightii , and Ulva lactuca against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus [ 170 , 171 ].…”

Therapeutic target mapping from the genome of Kingella negevensis and biophysical inhibition assessment through PNP synthase binding with traditional medicinal compounds

“…It also occurs in Pleurocybella porrigens [ 44 ] , Momordica charantia [ 45 ] , M. cymbalaria [ 46 ] Punica granatum [ 47 ] and Aleurites montana [ 48 ] . Its antibacterial properties have been reported [ 49 , 50 ]. 6-Gingerol is present in the rhizome of ginger ( Zingiber officinalis ) and the physicochemical properties of this tuber have made it a timeless traditional medicinal plant against several ailments [ 51 ].…”

Antibacterial and phytochemical constituent of Etlingera rubroloba A.D. Poulsen extract, an endemic ginger from Wallacea Region, Indonesia

“…Some of these compounds are known to have potential as antibacterial agents. Antibacterial compounds in leaves extract were γ-Muurolene (Perigo et al 2016), 1-Tricosene (Susilo et al 2022), 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol (Aissaoui et al 2018) 9-Eicosene, (Lulamba et al 21021), α-Pinene (Rivas da Silva et al 2012;Dhar et al 2014). Cyclohexene, 4-methylene-1-(1 methylethyl)-or β-Terpinene (Guimarães et al 2019), Cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-pentyl-, methyl ester (Shannon and Abu-Ghannam 2016), D-Limonene (Costa et al 2019;Han et al 2020), Ethylbenzene (Bellahcen et al 2019), Heptadecane, 8-methyl- (Ashraf et al 2018), Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester (Mohadjerani et al 2016), Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (alkane); Hexatriacontane (alkane) (Afzal et al 2014), Isopropyl myristate (Cardoso et al 2006), Methyl stearate (fatty acid methyl ester) (Agoramoorthy et al 2007), Nonadecane (Wijayanti and Dewi 2022), Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester (Dicarboxylic acid) (Zayed and Samling 2016), o-Xylene (Nimbeshaho et al 2020), Pentadecanoic acid, 14methyl-, methyl ester (Fatty-acid) (Yoon et al 2018), p-Xylene (Nimbeshaho et al 2020), Tetratetracontane (Agarwal et al 2017, Jamil et al 2021), and Tritetracontane (Martins et al 2015.…”