Antioxidant vitamins, minerals and lipid levels in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.): effects on growth performance and fillet quality

Abstract

An experiment with 2(7 − 3) reduced factorial design was conducted to study the biological effects of pro‐ and antioxidant micronutrients and lipid in Atlantic salmon. Vitamins C and E, astaxanthin, lipid, iron, copper and manganese were supplemented at high and low levels. For vitamins and minerals, high levels were chosen to be below the anticipated toxic level and the low levels were just above the requirement (vitamin C, 30 and 1000 mg kg−1; vitamin E, 70 and 430 mg kg−1; Fe, 70 and 1200 mg kg−1; Cu, 8 and 110 mg kg−1; Mn, 12 and 200 mg kg−1). For astaxanthin, the dietary levels were 10 and 50 mg kg−1 and for lipid, 150 and 330 g kg−1. The experiment was started with postsmolts (148 ± 17 g) and lasted for 5 months. The variation in micronutrients had only minor effects on growth, feed conversion and fillet quality, measured as lipid and astaxanthin deposition. High dietary lipid had a profound positive effect on growth and feed conversion but gave fillets nearly two times the fat content that was found in fish fed the low lipid diet. Astaxanthin deposition in the fillet was primarily affected by dietary astaxanthin with a positive effect of high dietary lipid in week 14 but not in week 23. Vitamin E protected the fillet against iron ascorbate stimulated oxidation, with no effect of the other nutrient variables.

STUDI PENGGUNAAN PRODUK KIMIA DAN BIOLOGI PADA BUDIDAYA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) DI TAMBAK KABUPATEN PESAWARAN PROVINSI LAMPUNG

“…Di antara vitamin tersebut, vitamin C yang terbanyak diaplikasikan oleh usaha budidaya tambak udang vaname yaitu 12 usaha budidaya tambak (41,38%). Vitamin C dan E, asam lemak esensial dan karotenoid telah dilaporkan dapat mengurangi dampak negatif dari tekanan lingkungan terhadap kesehatan organisme akuatik, meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap penyakit, dan juga secara umum meningkatkan kualitas produk akuatik (Cat acut an & Lav i lla-Pit ogo, 1 994; Boonyaratpalin, 2000;Hamre et al, 2004). Penggunaan vitamin C dengan dosis 150-500 mg/kg pakan komersial diaplikasikan pada tambak udang windu di Jawa Timur dengan hasil yang menggembirakan (Supriyadi & Rukyani, 2000 Rasio konversi pakan antara sistem budidaya udang intensif berbeda tidak nyata dengan sistem super-intensif di tambak Kabupaten Pesawaran (Tabel 6).…”

Supplementation of selenium and vitamin E in diets for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): Effect on performance, body yields and lipid stability

“…Studies on vitamin E supplementation in diets for fish revealed its antioxidant action in in vivo and in the reduction of oxidation after death, with an improvement in conservation during storage (Onibi et al, 1996;Pirini et al 2000;Shiau and Shiau, 2001;Ruff et al, 2002;Hamre et al, 2004;Fogaça and Santana, 2007).…”

Oxidação Lipídica em peixes: mecanismo de ação e prevenção

“…Os antioxidantes exógenos ou provenientes da nutrição (vitaminas C, E e os carotenóides) e seus cofatores (cobre, manganês, zinco, selênio, ferro e a riboflavina), também mantêm equilíbrio na produção e controle das espécies reativas (Papas, 1999;Hamre et al, 2004). A sua ingestão pode ser um fator pré-abate importante na preservação da qualidade FOGAÇA e SANT'ANA, 2009 ________________________________________________________________________…”

“…Dessa forma, diversos trabalhos foram realizados com a suplementação de diferentes níveis de vitamina E em dietas para salmões do atlântico (Onibi et al, 1996;Hamre et al, 2004), robalos (Pirini et al, 2000;Gatta et al, 2000), pacus (Sant'Ana, 1998; Sant'Ana e Fernandes, 2000) e pregados (Ruff et al, 2002b;2003), sendo que todos descreveram redução nas taxas de oxidação e melhor conservação desses peixes durante a estocagem.…”