Every petroleum-processing plant produces sewage sludge containing several types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The degradation of PAHs via physical, biological, and chemical methods is not yet efficient. Among biological methods, the use of marine sponge symbiont bacteria is considered an alternative and promising approach in the degradation of and reduction in PAHs. This study aimed to explore the potential performance of a consortium of sponge symbiont bacteria in degrading anthracene and pyrene. Three bacterial species (Bacillus pumilus strain GLB197, Pseudomonas stutzeri strain SLG510A3-8, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain SLCDA 976) were mixed to form the consortium. The interaction between the bacterial consortium suspension and PAH components was measured at 5 day intervals for 25 days. The biodegradation performance of bacteria on PAH samples was determined on the basis of five biodegradation parameters. The analysis results showed a decrease in the concentration of anthracene (21.89%) and pyrene (7.71%), equivalent to a ratio of 3:1, followed by a decrease in the abundance of anthracene (60.30%) and pyrene (27.52%), equivalent to a ratio of 2:1. The level of pyrene degradation was lower than that of the anthracene due to fact that pyrene is more toxic and has a more stable molecular structure, which hinders its metabolism by bacterial cells. The products from the biodegradation of the two PAHs are alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and a small proportion of aromatic hydrocarbon components.

Kappaphycus alvarezii which is widely cultivated at sea is susceptible to other algae that drift away and attach as epiphyte. This study aims to identify epiphyte on seaweed farming K. alvarezii and its effect on carrageenan quality. The study was conducted on K. alvarezii seaweed farming area in Jeneponto, South Sulawesi. Sample of epiphyte was obtained from four stations. Epiphyte was identified in laboratory based on its morphological characteristics and calculated its density. Carrageenan yield and gel strength of healthy seaweed and those infected one were analyzed in laboratory in triplicates for each sample. Data were statistically analyzed using independent samples t-test analysis. Present study showed that there were 6 epiphytes species on the seaweed farming area, namely: Entheromorpha intestinalis, Ceramium sp., Neosiphonia apiculata, Chaetomorpha crassa, Hypnea sp., and Gracilaria sp. The average of epiphytic density in cultivation area was (24.26±9.64)%. Healthy seaweed and infected one had significantly different carrageenan yield and gel strength (P<0.05). Healthy seaweed had higher carrageenan yield (48.17±1.62)% and gel strength (1130.76±8.42) g cm-² than infected seaweed which had carrageenan yield (42.47±0.23)% and gel strength (958.22±10.85) g cm-².

ABSTRAKKemerosotan kualitas lingkungan menyebabkan terjadinya serangan penyakit udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei), sehingga penggunaan produk kimia dan biologi menjadi penting sebagai konsekuensi dalam mempertahankan produksi di tambak. Oleh karena itu, studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui produk kimia dan biologi yang digunakan di tambak udang vaname Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung sebagai upaya awal untuk mengantisipasi dampaknya terhadap lingkungan. Produk kimia dan biologi serta karakteristik budidaya tambak diketahui melalui pengajuan kuisioner secara terstruktur kepada responden di 29 usaha budidaya tambak di Kecamatan Padang Cermin dan Punduh Pidada Kabupaten Pesawaran. Pengukuran dan pengambilan contoh air dilakukan pada siklus hujan dan kemarau. Statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk mengetahui gambaran umum data penggunaan produk kimia dan biologi serta kualitas air. Uji-T digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan karakteristik budidaya tambak intensif dan super-intensif. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa ada 48 jenis produk kimia dan biologi yang digunakan di tambak dan dapat dibagi atas 5 kelompok yaitu: disinfektan, pestisida, pupuk, perbaikan tanah, dan air serta tambahan pakan yang masing-masing dibagi lagi menjadi beberapa sub-kelompok. Pestisida organik dan kapur adalah sub-kelompok produk yang banyak digunakan dan sebaliknya pestisida anorganik adalah sub-kelompok produk yang paling sedikit digunakan di tambak udang vaname. Produk kimia dan biologi yang bersifat sangat beracun, sulit terurai, dapat terakumulasi dalam tubuh organisme dan berbahaya bagi keselamatan makanan ternyata tidak digunakan dalam budidaya tambak udang vaname. Dengan berdasar pada produksi dan luasan tambak udang vaname intensif dan super-intensif maka dihasilkan beban limbah sebesar 21.349-35.582 kg N dan 3.050-6.100 kg P pada setiap siklus budidaya yang memiliki potensi sebagai pencemar untuk budidaya udang vaname itu sendiri di Kabupaten Pesawaran.

Kualitas air merupakan salah satu faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam evaluasi kelayakan lahan untuk budi daya tambak, karena sifat kimia dan fisiknya mempengaruhi organisme yang dibudidayakan dan makanan alami. Dalam banyak kasus, kriteria kualitas air untuk akuakultur di Indonesia terlalu bersifat umum. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara produktivitas tambak dari berbagai komoditas yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kawasan pertambakan yang ada di Kabupaten Pinrang, Sinjai, Luwu, dan Luwu Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kabupaten Lampung Selatan Provinsi Lampung. Metode penelitian yang diaplikasikan adalah metode survai, termasuk untuk mendapatkan data primer dari produksi yang dilakukan melalui pengajuan kuisioner dan perekaman pada saat wawancara kepada responden. Pengukuran langsung di lapangan dan pengambilan contoh air untuk dianalisis di laboratorium dilakukan pada musim kemarau dan musim hujan. Pemilihan model regresi “terbaik” didasarkan pada metode kuadrat terkecil. Udang vanamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) dapat tumbuh dan hidup dengan baik pada kisaran salinitas yang lebar (20--35 ppt), tetapi udang vanamei tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu antara 28,2°C dan 31,7°C; oksigen terlarut antara 4,99 mg/L dan 10,03 mg/L dan pH antara 7,83 dan 8,89. Produksi rumput laut (Gracilaria verrucosa) tertinggi didapatkan pada salinitas 25,6 ppt dan oksigen terlarut 8,39 mg/ L dan rumput laut tumbuh baik pada kisaran pH antara 6,00 dan 9,32, suhu antara 26,00°C dan 37,86°C, fosfat lebih besar 0,1000 mg/L dan besi kurang dari 0,1000 mg/ L. Produksi pada polikultur udang windu dan ikan bandeng tertinggi didapatkan pada salinitas 16,3 ppt, namun produksinya tidak dipengaruhi suhu antara 26,15°C dan 36,38°C, oksigen terlarut antara 4,60 mg/L dan 10,00 mg/L dan pH antara 6,08 dan 8,64.Water quality is an important factor in land capability assessment for brackish water aquaculture ponds because its chemical and physical properties affect the biology of the farmed organisms and natural feed. In most cases water quality criteria in Indonesian aquaculture are too generalized. The present study investigated the relationship between key water quality variables and pond productivity for common commodities farmed in Indonesia.  The study was carried out in representative brackish water ponds at Pinrang, Sinjai, Luwu, and North Luwu Regencies, South Sulawesi Province and South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The study collected farm data through a structured questionnaire and interviews, and environmental measurements, principally water quality analyses. In situ and laboratory analyses were conducted for dry and wet season conditions. A regression model based on the least quadratic method was used to identify relationships between water quality factors and pond productivity. The production of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was highest in a salinity range of 20--35 ppt, water temperatures between 28.2°C and 31.7°C, dissolved oxygen concentrations between 4.99 mg/L and 10.03 mg/L and pH between 7.83 and 8.89. The highest seaweed production (Gracilaria verrucosa) occurred at a salinity of 25.6 ppt and dissolved oxygen concentration of 8.4 mg/L. The best overall growth of seaweed occurred at a pH 6.00--9.32, water temperature of 26.00°C-37.86°C, phosphate concentrations > 0.1000 mg/L and iron concentrations < 0.1000 mg/L. Polyculture production of tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) was greatest in pond water temperatures of 26.15°C to 36.38°C, dissolved oxygen concentrations between 4.60 mg/L and 10.00 mg/L, and pH between 6.08 and 8.64.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants have toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. Screening bacteria from different sources capable of carrying out the biodegradation of (PAHs) is essential for mapping and mobilization purposes and applying them to polluted hydrocarbon environments. The study aims to compare the capacity of PAH biodegradation by two types of bacteria isolated from different sources. The method applied is the interaction between bacterial suspension and pyrene-contaminated waste for 30 days. Biodegradation products in organic compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis results found several indications of the performance of bacterial biodegradation: The capacity of pyrene degradation by Bacillus licheniformis strain ATCC 9789 (Bl) bacteria against pyrene was relatively more dominant than Sphingobacterium sp. strain 21 (Sb) bacteria. The percentage of total bacterial biodegradation for product type Sb was (39.00%), and that of the product of bacterial degradation type Bl (38.29%). The biodegradation products of the test bacteria (Bl and Sb) were relatively similar to pyrene in the form of alcohol and carboxylic acid organic compounds. There was no significant difference in the pyrene biodegradation between Bl and Sb bacteria.

ABSTRAKBudidaya rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii merupakan aktivitas dominan budidaya laut di Kabupaten Parigi Moutong. Namun demikian belum ada data dan informasi mengenai kesesuaian lahan maupun sarana penunjangnya. Untuk itu dilaksanakan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian lahan untuk budidaya rumput laut, serta sarana penunjangnya di Kabupaten Parigi Moutong. Metode survai diaplikasikan dalam pengambilan data terutama data primer. Model kesesuaian lahan untuk budidaya rumput laut di Kabupaten Parigi Moutong disusun berdasarkan model hirarki. Analisis kesesuaian lahan dilakukan secara spasial dengan memadukan antara SIG dan multicriteria analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum, kondisi perairan pesisir Kabupaten Parigi Moutong dapat mendukung usaha budidaya rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dengan metode tali panjang. Perairan pesisir Parigi Moutong dicirikan dengan kisaran pasang surut 1,38 m dan rata-rata kecepatan arus 0,11 m/detik; kecerahan 12,51 m; kedalaman 24,06 m; suhu 29,47 o C; salinitas 32,95 ppt; pH 8,14; dan oksigen terlarut 6,77 mg/L. Substrat dasar perairan didominasi oleh karang yaitu 27% dari total titik pengamatan. Kondisi masyarakat di kawasan Minapolitan sangat mendukung dalam pengembangan usaha budidaya rumput laut. Dari hasil analisis dapat ditentukan bahwa sepanjang pesisir pantai layak untuk dikembangkan budidaya rumput laut dengan total luas 61.804 ha, mulai dari Kecamatan Ampibabo, Kasimbar, dan Tinombo. Lokasi yang memiliki tingkat sangat sesuai (S1) seluas 9.350 ha (15,13%), sesuai (S2) seluas 52.265 ha (84,57%), dan cukup sesuai (S3) seluas 189 ha (0,31%).

Pencemaran lingkungan oleh limbah organik mengandung nitrogen (N) dan fosfat (P) yang bersumber dari tambak udang superintensif karena penggunaan pakan yang banyak merupakan masalah serius dalam pengembangan teknologi superintensif di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi jumlah pakan yang terbuang ke lingkungan selama budidaya di tambak superintensifdan untuk mengestimasi jumlah limbah N dan P yang terbuang ke lingkungan dari kegiatan budidaya superintensif. Metode penelitian dilakukan sebanyak 3 tahap; tahap pertama dilakukan pada tambak superintensif selama 76 hari dengan melakukan budidaya udang superintensif dengan kepadatan 600 ekor/m2 selanjutnya dilakukan pengamatan pakan yang terbuang. Tahap kedua adalah melakukan uji kecernaan udang skala laboratorium dan tahap ketiga adalah penelitian ekskresi udang skala laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah pakan tidak termakan yang terbuang ke lingkungan dari tambak superintensif sebesar 24,32% dari total pakan yang digunakan. Beban limbah organik dari tambak udang superintensif yang terbuang ke perairan Teluk Labuange sebesar 3,89 ton terdiri dari limbah organik mengandung N sebesar 3,61 ton/tahun dengan rerata buangan ke perairan 10,31 kg/hari, dan limbah organik mengandung P sebesar 0,28 ton/tahun dengan rerata buangan ke perairan 0,81 kg/hari. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa perairan Teluk Labuange telah mengalami tekanan limbah organik yang berasal dari kegiatan tambak udang superintensif.

The study aimed to determine the performance of whiteleg shrimp culture in relation to temporal and spatial aspects and characteristics and water quality status. Measurement and sampling of water were carried out before stocking/initial stocking of culture whiteleg shrimp (rainy season) and end of culture/after harvesting of whiteleg shrimp (dry season) at two locations in the coastal area of Bulukumba Regency, namely Bonto Bahari Subdistrict (BB) and Gantarang Subdistrict (GT), and one location as a control, namely in the coastal area of Ujung Loe Subdistrict. Variables measured and analyzed included temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, total suspended solids, and total organic matter. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, multivariate statistics, and non-parametric statistics. Water quality status was determined using the Storet (Storage and Retrieval) method. The results showed that the culture of whiteleg shrimp was technology intensive with a stocking density of 110–220 ind/m2 with productivity between 13.9 and 44.4 tons/ha/cycle. The predicted waste load of N is 28.00 tons/cycle and P reaches 6.61 tons/cycle. Another result was that changes in water quality status during the rainy season were classified as moderately polluted at the BB location and complying with quality standards at the GT location. In the dry season, both locations were categorized as heavily polluted. Variables of water quality that caused the decrease in water quality status in both locations (BB and GT) were observed to increase salinity, nitrate concentration, and ammonia concentration and decreased dissolved oxygen concentration in the dry season. It is recommended to carry out proper feed management, use of probiotics, and increase the capacity and capability of wastewater treatment plants to reduce ammonia and nitrate concentrations in water in coastal areas. It is necessary to determine a more precise time for whiteleg shrimp stocking by reducing the possibility that whiteleg shrimp culture will still occur at the dry season’s peak.