From the 1980's, Indonesian shrimp production has continuously increased through a large expansion of cultured areas and an intensification of the production. As consequences of diseases and environmental degradations linked to this development, there are currently 250,000ha of abandoned ponds in Indonesia. To implement effective procedure to undertake appropriate aquaculture ecosystem assessment and monitoring, an integrated indicator based on four criteria using very high spatial optical satellite images, has been developed to discriminate active from abandoned ponds. These criteria were: presence of water, aerator, feeding bridge and vegetation. This indicator has then been applied to the Perancak estuary, a production area in decline, to highlight the abandonment dynamic between 2001 and 2015. Two risk factors that could contribute to explain dynamics of abandonment were identified: climate conditions and pond locations within the estuary, suggesting that a spatial approach should be integrated in planning processes to operationalize pond rehabilitation.

No abstract

Kabupaten Pinrang memiliki tambak terluas di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan ditetapkan sebagai pusat pengembangan produksi udang windu, namun produktivitas tambaknya masih relatif rendah. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor dominan yang berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas tambak di Kabupaten Pinrang. Sebagai peubah tergantung adalah produktivitas tambak, sedangkan sebagai peubah bebas adalah faktor-faktor status pembudi daya tambak, kondisi tambak, pengelolaan tambak, kualitas air tambak, dan kualitas tanah tambak yang masing-masing terdiri atas 9, 11, 31, 11, dan 17 peubah. Regresi berganda dengan peubah boneka digunakan untuk menganalisis data untuk memprediksi peubah tergantung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas tambak di Kabupaten Pinrang rata-rata 499 kg/ha/musim. Produktivitas tambak di Kabupaten Pinrang masih dapat ditingkatkan melalui penambahan tenaga kerja dan pemisahan saluran pemasukan dan pengeluaran air serta penambahan tinggi pematang agar tinggi air juga dapat ditingkatkan. Aplikasi pupuk urea pada saat persiapan tambak dan aplikasi urea dan SP-36 sebagai pupuk susulan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tambak, sebaliknya aplikasi KCl pada saat persiapan tambak dapat menurunkan produktivitas tambak. Pengurangan kapur susulan dan peningkatan pupuk yang mengandung fosfat dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tambak.Pinrang Regency has largest brackishwater ponds in South Sulawesi Province and determined as a centre for developing of shrimp production. However, their brackishwater ponds productivity is still low. Because of that, it was conducted research with aims to know the dominant factors that effect on the productivity of brackishwater pond in Pinrang Regency. As a dependent variable in this research was productivity of brackishwater ponds. Independent variables were grouped into: (a) farmer status factor, consist of 9 variables; (b) pond condition factor, consist of 11 variables; (c) pond management factor, consist of 31 variables; (d) water quality factor, consist of 11 variables and (e) soil quality factor, consist of 17 variables. Multiple regressions with dummy variable were used to analyze the data in predicting dependent variable. The results showed that the productivity of brackishwater pond in Pinrang Regency was 499 kg/ha/cycle in average. The productivity of brackishwater pond could be increased through addition of labor and separating of outlet and inlet canals and making higher the pond dyke for increasing the water depth. Application of urea fertilizer as an initial fertilizing and application urea and SP-36 as a continuing fertilizing could be increased the brackishwater pond productivity. In contrary, application of KCl fertilizer as an initial fertilizing would be decreased the brackishwater ponds productivity. Decreasing of continuing liming and increasing the fertilizer containing phosphate would be increased the brackishwater ponds productivity in Pinrang Regency.

<p>Acid sulfate soils (ASS) contain sufficient pyrite which, when oxidised following excavation for brackishwater aquaculture ponds, will generate acid and mobilise toxic metals. Production in affected ponds can be low due to poor growth of shrimp and fish, mass mortalities of stock and low plankton blooms. The resultant low soil pH can also cause poor klekap production due to the retention of phosphorus associated with elevated concentrations of Fe and Al in the pond soils. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effects of different soil amelioration techniques and dosage of phosphorus (P) on soil and klekap production under laboratory conditions. The treatments consisted of two factors. The first factor tested was different techniques for ASS improvement (non-improvement, improvement through liming and improvement through remediation involving forced oxidation of pyrite, flooding and flushing of oxidation products). The second factor tested was phosphorus dosages, that is, with phosphorus and without phosphorus-based fertilizer. Each treatment had three replications. The experiment showed that liming and remediation had the same effect on several soil variables; they raised the soi pH (pHF, pHFOX, pHKCl) and decreased SPOS, Fe and Al. Remediation of ASS decreased retention of P and increased available-P of soil, whereas liming did not show a significant effect on retention of P and available-P in the doses used for this experiment. The interaction between the different soil improvement techniques and phosphorus fertilising showed a significant effect on klekap production with the highest klekap production of 23.21 mg/cm2 found in remediated soil and with a phosphorus fertiliser dosage of 75 kg/ha.</p>

Most of brackish water ponds used for seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa) culture in Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia are constructed on acid sulfate soil. Despite this inevitable condition, opportunities remain open to increase the seaweed production. The research was conducted to study the dominant factors that affect the seaweed production in ASS-affected ponds of Luwu Regency. As a dependent variable in this research is seaweed production. Independent variables were grouped into: (a) farmer status factor, consisting of 9 variables; (b) pond condition factor, consisting of 8 variables; (c) pond management factor, consisting of 29 variables; (d) soil quality factor, consisting of 17 variables and (e) water quality factor, consisting of 11 variables. Multiple regression with dummy variable was used to analyze the data in prediction dependent variable. Results show that the average of seaweed production in ASS-affected pond of Luwu Regency is 11,000 kg dry/ha/year. Seaweed production can be increased through: (a) decreasing dosage of urea and KCl and increasing dosage and frequency of fertilizer containing phosphate; (b) increasing water depth in the pond and decreasing percentage of water exchange, (c) conducting remediation to increase the soil pH and decreasing the concentration of Fe in the water, (d) increasing stocking density of milkfish to decrease the epiphyte population and (e) increasing the frequency of the farmer to attend trainings.

The study aimed to determine the performance of whiteleg shrimp culture in relation to temporal and spatial aspects and characteristics and water quality status. Measurement and sampling of water were carried out before stocking/initial stocking of culture whiteleg shrimp (rainy season) and end of culture/after harvesting of whiteleg shrimp (dry season) at two locations in the coastal area of Bulukumba Regency, namely Bonto Bahari Subdistrict (BB) and Gantarang Subdistrict (GT), and one location as a control, namely in the coastal area of Ujung Loe Subdistrict. Variables measured and analyzed included temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, total suspended solids, and total organic matter. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, multivariate statistics, and non-parametric statistics. Water quality status was determined using the Storet (Storage and Retrieval) method. The results showed that the culture of whiteleg shrimp was technology intensive with a stocking density of 110–220 ind/m2 with productivity between 13.9 and 44.4 tons/ha/cycle. The predicted waste load of N is 28.00 tons/cycle and P reaches 6.61 tons/cycle. Another result was that changes in water quality status during the rainy season were classified as moderately polluted at the BB location and complying with quality standards at the GT location. In the dry season, both locations were categorized as heavily polluted. Variables of water quality that caused the decrease in water quality status in both locations (BB and GT) were observed to increase salinity, nitrate concentration, and ammonia concentration and decreased dissolved oxygen concentration in the dry season. It is recommended to carry out proper feed management, use of probiotics, and increase the capacity and capability of wastewater treatment plants to reduce ammonia and nitrate concentrations in water in coastal areas. It is necessary to determine a more precise time for whiteleg shrimp stocking by reducing the possibility that whiteleg shrimp culture will still occur at the dry season’s peak.

Budidaya tambak merupakan industri akuakultur terbesar di Indonesia yang sangat diharapkan menjadi andalan dalam mewujudkan visi: Indonesia penghasil produk kelautan dan perikanan terbesar 2015, serta misi: menyejahterakan masyarakat kelautan dan perikanan. Untuk mewujudkan visi dan misi tersebut, maka Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan telah mencanangkan program minapolitan dan industrialisasi kelautan dan perikanan. Komoditas yang menjadi andalan program minapolitan dan industrialisasi perikanan budidaya tambak adalah udang windu, udang vaname, ikan bandeng, dan ikan nila. Karena komoditas tersebut merupakan komoditas yang berbasis lahan, sehingga untuk dapat hidup, tumbuh, dan berproduksi membutuhkan persyaratan tertentu yang berbeda satu sama lainnya. Persyaratan tumbuh atau persyaratan penggunaan lahan yang diperlukan oleh masing-masing komoditas dapat dijadikan dasar dalam menyusun kriteria kesesuaian lahan. Pada evaluasi lahan yang didasarkan pada sumberdaya fisik, empat faktor/sub-model telah dipertimbangkan sebagai kriteria kesesuaian lahan untuk budidaya tambak yaitu: topografi dan hidrologi, kondisi tanah, kualitas air, dan iklim dengan masing-masing nilai kriteria peubah yang berbeda-beda pada kelas kesesuaian dan komoditas yang berbeda pula.

Desa Xuan Tun di Kecamatan Van Ninh Kota Nha Trang Provinsi Khanh Hoa merupakan lokasi pertama kegiatan budidaya lobster di Vietnam yang dilakuan pada tahun 1992. Secara umum di Kota Nha Trang, ada tiga jenis lobster yang dibudidayakan yaitu lobster mutiara (Panulirus ornatus), lobster pasir (Panulirus homarus), dan lobster batik (Panulirus longipes), karena benih lobster tersebut mudah didapat pada awalnya, cepat tumbuh, berukuran besar, warna cerah, dan memiliki harga yang tinggi. Kegiatan budidaya lobster pada dasarnya terdiri atas: penangkapan benih lobster, produksi tokolan lobster, dan pembesaran lobster yang masing-masing merupakan segmen usaha tersendiri. Pakan yang digunakan dalam produksi tokolan dan pembesaran lobster adalah berupa udang, kerang, tiram, cumi-cumi, dan ikan rucah, di mana sebagian besar dari pakan tersebut digunakan ikan rucah terutama pada pembesaran lobster. Sebagai akibat penggunaan pakan tersebut dan peningkatan jumlah keramba jaring apung yang cukup signifikan berdampak pada penurunan kualitas perairan yang memicu berkembangya penyakit susu (milky haemolymph disease) sehingga terjadi penurunan produksi. Terkait dengan hasil yang didapatkan tersebut, ke depan diperlukan berbagai kegiatan termasuk untuk dapat diaplikasikan di Indonesia. Kegiatan tersebut meliputi: produksi benih lobster secara buatan di hatcheri dan penggunaan pakan buatan berupa moist pellet. Upaya pencegahan penyakit susu dan perlakuan-perlakuan praktis untuk mencegah perkembangan serangan penyakit susu juga perlu mendapat perhatian. Perkembangan budidaya lobster yang begitu cepat memicu terjadinya penurunan daya dukung lahan. Oleh karena itu, kegiatan untuk menentukan daya dukung lahan dan kesesuaian lahan menjadi penting untuk dilakukan untuk menentukan lokasi dan jumlah keramba jaring apung yang dapat dioperasikan. Penentuan daya dukung lahan dan evaluasi kesesuaian lahan tidak hanya dilakukan pada daerah yang sudah berkembang pesat seperti di Vietnam, tetapi juga pada daerah yang baru memulai pengembangan budidaya lobsternya seperti di Indonesia untuk menghindari hal-hal yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan produksi dan ketidakberlanjutan usaha budidaya lobster di masa akan datang.