Galium aparine L., family Rubiaceae, is a widely spread species in the Galium genus. The herb of G. aparine is part of folk remedies and dietary supplements. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition and immunomodulatory activities of G. aparine herb ethanolic extracts obtained from the plant material by maceration with 20%, 60% or 96% ethanol. The contents of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and polyphenols were determined spectrophotometrically, with extractives and polysaccharides quantified gravimetrically. The qualitative composition was studied using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis; isolation not previously described in G. aparine quercetin rhamnoglucoside was carried out through column chromatography, and the immunomodulatory activity of extracts was determined in the reaction of lymphocyte blast transformation. Major constitutes of extracts were iridoids, i.e., monotropein, 10-desacetylasperulosidic acid and asperulosidic acid; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, i.e., 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acids and caffeic acid derivatives; flavonoids, i.e., rutin, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside-7-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucorhamnoside. Significantly, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside-7-O-glucoside was first isolated and identified in Galium species so far investigated. All G. aparine herb ethanolic extracts stimulate the transformational activity of immunocompetent blood cells, with 96% ethanolic extract being the most active. The data obtained necessitate further research into the mechanisms of immunomodulatory activity of extracts from G. aparine herb.Specific immunostimulants include thymus preparations, interleukins, interferons, biologically active peptides, polysaccharides of certain fungi and therapeutic vaccines, whose effect is explained through their ability to influence the metabolism of cells and body tissues and activate immunocompetent cells.Many plant-derived compounds, like sterols, polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, lectins and glycoprotein, are used for immunomodulation [3]. For example, among polysaccharides, acidic arabinogalactan and ramnogalacturonan have been shown to manifest immunostimulatory effect in vitro and in vivo [4]. Numerous studies look into the immunomodulative activities of saponins [5][6][7][8].The proven effect of triterpenoid glycosides on the immune system of mammals contributed to the development of a wide range of dietary supplements for the prevention of the immune system disturbances, i.e., human immunity system enhancement [9], and for the prevention and treatment of allergies [10,11].In our previous studies, the immunomodulative effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Galium verum L. herb was established [12,13]. Among other species of the genus Galium L., one of the most widely spread is Galium aparine L., also called cleavers or goosegrass, which can be found all over Ukraine, Europe, Northern America and certain parts of Asia; i...
The prospect of creating a new medicine with psychotropic activity is shown as a result of studying the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of modified dry extracts of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) tincture. The most promising substances were the dry extracts, modified by adding small amounts of arginine, valine, phenylalanine, glycine, lysine, and alanine. A total of 15 main phenolic substances were found in the extracts, and eight of them were identified. There were also 10 hydroxycinnamic acids in these extracts, three of which were identified (chlorogenic, caffeic, and rosmarinic acids). The dominant hydroxycinnamic acids were chlorogenic and caffeic acids. Among flavonoids, catechin, hyperoside, and rutin were identified. It should be noted that the extracts had a significant content of ellagic acid. On the basis of the results of the phytochemical analysis of the extracts, it can be concluded that the composition of phenolic compounds does not differ significantly, and the main differences are related to amino acids, which obviously have an impact on the overall pharmacological effect. The results obtained indicate the presence of anxiolytic activity in the motherwort extracts studied in complex with amino acids. The extracts with glycine, valine, and arginine were more effective in reducing anxiety in animals.
543.51:582.972.3 and A. N. AleksandrovGalium verum L. (Rubiaceae Juss.) is widely distributed and is used commonly in folk medicine for treatments. It has been found that the herb contains essential oil, phenolcarboxylic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, tanning agents, and saponins. Flowers and leaves contain an enzyme that causes milk to curdle, owing to which they are used in cheese-making. Iridoids and terpenoids of essential oils from certain species have mainly been studied among the lipophilic compounds [1,2].We have previously investigated the fatty-acid composition of G. verum [3]. However, the components of the essential oil were not studied. Our goal was to study volatile compounds from flowers of G. verum collected during summer 2008 in Kharkov Oblast′. Analytical samples were obtained from freshly collected raw material by steam distillation and subsequent treatment of the distillate with hexane. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the lipophilic fraction were established by GC with mass spectrometric detection.
Extracts from aerial parts of G. aparine (cleavers) constitute a herbal remedy with monography in British Herbal Pharmacopeia. On the European market, there are several drugs and food supplements consisting of Galium extracts. In folk medicine, cleavers was used topically in Europe, Asia, and the Americas to treat skin diseases. In several remedies, cleavers is also listed as an immunomodulatory active herb influencing the defense response of the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity and antioxidant potential in vitro of a raw infusion of cleavers and bioactive fractions. The functional activity of lymphocytes in the reaction of the lymphocyte blast transformation (RLBT) method was used for immunomodulatory activity assays and direct scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was chosen for the examination of antioxidant activity. It was shown that both the raw extract and fractions show significant immunostimulatory and scavenging activities. The obtained data partially justify the traditional use of cleavers as topical remedy for skin infections and for wounds.
Сировинна база лікарських рослин України є достатньою тільки для половини фармакопейних видів. Велика частина ЛРС зростає у недостатній кількості та виникає потреба в їх імпортуванні. В умовах імпортозалежності та дефіциту вітчизняної рослинної сировини, пошук нових джерел біологічно активних речовин серед представників флори України є актуальним завданням сучасної фармацевтичної науки. Мета роботи-провести порівняльне фітохімічне дослідження листя S. grandiflora та S. officinalis для встановлення можливості використання нефармакопейного виду у фармацевтичній та медичній практиці. Матеріали та методи. Об'єктоми дослідження було листя S. grandiflora та S. officinalis, яке було заготовлено у ботанічному саду Львівського національного університету імені І. Франка. Дослідження макро-та мікроелементного складу у листі S. officinalis та S. grandiflora проводили атомно-емісійним спектрографічним методом. Визначення якісного складу та кількісного вмісту основних груп БАР проводили методом ВЕРХ. Кількісне визначення фенольних сполук також проводили спектрофотометричним методом. Результати. В обох досліджуваних видах виявлено вміст 15 мікро-та макроелементів. У листі S. officinalis та S. grandiflora було ідентифіковано 15 амінокислот та 8 сапонінів. Методом ВЕРХ було встановлено якісний склад та кількісний вміст речовин фенольної природи у листі S. officinalis та S. grandiflora (13 та 9 сполук відповідно). Обговорення. Домінуючими мікро-та макроелементів у обох видах сировини були силіцій, фосфор, магній, кальцій, натрій та калій. Загальний вміст мікроелементів у листі S. grandiflora у 1,67 раз більший ніж у фармакопейному виді S. officinalis. Домінуючими амінокислотами в листі обох видів є глутамінова кислота, аспарагінова кислота, валін та лейцин. Домінуючими сапонінами у листі S. officinalis були урсолова та олеанолова кислоти, загальний вміст яких становить 75,82 %. У листі S.grandiflora домінуючими були урсолова та еускапова кислоти, загальний вміст яких становить 63,25 %. Загальний вміст флавоноїдів найбільший в листі S. officinalis та становить 4,90 мг/г. Загальний вміст гідроксикоричних кислот найбільший в листі S. grandiflora та становить 4,49 мг/г, що на 221,18 % (в 2,21 рази) більше ніж у фармакопейному виді S. officinalis (2,03мг/г). Загальний найбільший вміст похідних кавової кислоти переважає в листі Salvia officinalis (0,77 мг/г). Найбільший вміст суми всіх виявлених сполук фенольної природи характерний для листя S. officinalis та становить 6,93 мг/г. Висновки. У результаті проведеного порівняльного фітохімічного дослідження листя S. grandiflora та S. officinalis встановлено, що S. grandiflora є перспективним видом для впровадження у медичну та фармацевтичну практику саме як джерело фенольних сполук Ключові слова:
In the Ukrainian flora, species of Veronica L. genus (Plantaginaceae Juss.) are classified into 8 sections. The phytochemical research into secondary metabolites of Veronica L. genus most related to the study of phenolic compounds and iridoids, while terponoids of these species need further research. The chemical profiles of V. longifolia L., V. incana L. and V. spicata L. of Ukrainian flora are poorly studied. Phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, iridoids, saponins, amino acids and organic acids have been reported for these species. Herbs harvested during the flowering stage are often used in the pharmaceutical industry, so the research into chemical composition of essential oils from Veronica species flowers are urgent. The aim of this study was a comparative GC/MS study of the chemical composition of essential oils from V. longifolia L., V. incana L. and V. spicata L. flowers of Ukrainian flora. Materials and methods. The objects of the research were flowers of Veronica spp. of Pseudolysimachium W.D.J. Koch section, namely V. longifolia L., V. incana L. and V. spicata L., harvested in the Botanical Garden of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. The study of the chemical composition of essential oils was carried out by chromatography mass spectrometry on a 6890N MSD/DS Agilent Technologies chromatograph (USA) with a 5973N mass spectrometric detector. The components of essential oils were identified by comparison of the retention indices and mass spectra of phytochemicals in the studied essential oils with the data of NIST02 mass spectral library. The quantification of substances in the raw materials was carried out in comparison with a standard sample of menthol. Results. As a result, 72 compounds were detected and quantified. The total content of essential oil in V. longifolia L. flowers was 0.17 % (39 components), the following compounds dominated: benzoacetaldehyde – 8.05, squalene – 5.17, palmitic acid – 15.73, butyl phthalate – 7.18. The total content of essential oil in V. incana L. flowers was 0.15 % (43 components), the following compounds prevailed: squalene 20.47, fatty acids, namely palmitic – 26.88, palmitoleic – 17.15, oleic – 11.61. The total content of the essential oil in V. spicata L. flowers was 0.11 % (43 components), the following compounds dominated: squalene – 5.53, fatty acids: palmitic – 22.78, linoleic – 6.72, carbohydrates: heptacosan – 12.27, hexacosan – 7.45. Among the identified compounds, mono-, norsesqui-, sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids, their oxidation products (aromatic compounds, aldehydes and alcohols, ketones), fatty acids, hydrocarbons and their derivatives were detected. Conclusions. The chemical composition of essential oils from flowers of V. longifolia L., V. incana L. and V. spicata L. from Ukrainian flora was first studied by means of chromatography mass spectrometry. The yield of essential oil from V. longifolia L. flowers is higher (0.17 %) compared to those from flowers of V. incana L. (0.15 %) and V. spicata L. (0.11 %). Among the identified compounds terpenoids, aromatic compounds, their oxidation products, fatty acids and their esters, hydrocarbons were detected. The study of biologically active substances in essential oils from Veronica species flowers expands the scientific data on the chemical composition of these species and gives background for the further development of medicinal products, their standardization and understanding of their pharmacological activity
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