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Galium aparine L., family Rubiaceae, is a widely spread species in the Galium genus. The herb of G. aparine is part of folk remedies and dietary supplements. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition and immunomodulatory activities of G. aparine herb ethanolic extracts obtained from the plant material by maceration with 20%, 60% or 96% ethanol. The contents of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and polyphenols were determined spectrophotometrically, with extractives and polysaccharides quantified gravimetrically. The qualitative composition was studied using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis; isolation not previously described in G. aparine quercetin rhamnoglucoside was carried out through column chromatography, and the immunomodulatory activity of extracts was determined in the reaction of lymphocyte blast transformation. Major constitutes of extracts were iridoids, i.e., monotropein, 10-desacetylasperulosidic acid and asperulosidic acid; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, i.e., 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acids and caffeic acid derivatives; flavonoids, i.e., rutin, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside-7-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucorhamnoside. Significantly, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside-7-O-glucoside was first isolated and identified in Galium species so far investigated. All G. aparine herb ethanolic extracts stimulate the transformational activity of immunocompetent blood cells, with 96% ethanolic extract being the most active. The data obtained necessitate further research into the mechanisms of immunomodulatory activity of extracts from G. aparine herb.Specific immunostimulants include thymus preparations, interleukins, interferons, biologically active peptides, polysaccharides of certain fungi and therapeutic vaccines, whose effect is explained through their ability to influence the metabolism of cells and body tissues and activate immunocompetent cells.Many plant-derived compounds, like sterols, polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, lectins and glycoprotein, are used for immunomodulation [3]. For example, among polysaccharides, acidic arabinogalactan and ramnogalacturonan have been shown to manifest immunostimulatory effect in vitro and in vivo [4]. Numerous studies look into the immunomodulative activities of saponins [5][6][7][8].The proven effect of triterpenoid glycosides on the immune system of mammals contributed to the development of a wide range of dietary supplements for the prevention of the immune system disturbances, i.e., human immunity system enhancement [9], and for the prevention and treatment of allergies [10,11].In our previous studies, the immunomodulative effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Galium verum L. herb was established [12,13]. Among other species of the genus Galium L., one of the most widely spread is Galium aparine L., also called cleavers or goosegrass, which can be found all over Ukraine, Europe, Northern America and certain parts of Asia; i...

543.51:582.972.3 and A. N. AleksandrovGalium verum L. (Rubiaceae Juss.) is widely distributed and is used commonly in folk medicine for treatments. It has been found that the herb contains essential oil, phenolcarboxylic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, tanning agents, and saponins. Flowers and leaves contain an enzyme that causes milk to curdle, owing to which they are used in cheese-making. Iridoids and terpenoids of essential oils from certain species have mainly been studied among the lipophilic compounds [1,2].We have previously investigated the fatty-acid composition of G. verum [3]. However, the components of the essential oil were not studied. Our goal was to study volatile compounds from flowers of G. verum collected during summer 2008 in Kharkov Oblast′. Analytical samples were obtained from freshly collected raw material by steam distillation and subsequent treatment of the distillate with hexane. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the lipophilic fraction were established by GC with mass spectrometric detection.

Extracts from aerial parts of G. aparine (cleavers) constitute a herbal remedy with monography in British Herbal Pharmacopeia. On the European market, there are several drugs and food supplements consisting of Galium extracts. In folk medicine, cleavers was used topically in Europe, Asia, and the Americas to treat skin diseases. In several remedies, cleavers is also listed as an immunomodulatory active herb influencing the defense response of the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity and antioxidant potential in vitro of a raw infusion of cleavers and bioactive fractions. The functional activity of lymphocytes in the reaction of the lymphocyte blast transformation (RLBT) method was used for immunomodulatory activity assays and direct scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was chosen for the examination of antioxidant activity. It was shown that both the raw extract and fractions show significant immunostimulatory and scavenging activities. The obtained data partially justify the traditional use of cleavers as topical remedy for skin infections and for wounds.