The inflammasome is a platform for inflammatory signaling, and the NLRP3 inflammasome recognizes stimuli in vitro and in vivo, and releases inflammatory cytokines that trigger inflammation and pyroptosis. In the gut, the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key sensor for protecting the body from damage and exogenous pathogens. It plays a fundamental role in maintaining the stability of the gut’s immune system. We focus on the role of NLRP3 as a key node in maintaining the homeostasis of gut microbiota which has not been fully highlighted in the past; gut microbiota and innate immunity, as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome, are discussed in this article.
In this work, a chemiluminescence (CL) method based on dual aptasensors using Fe3O4 and SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers is developed for the simultaneous detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in beer.
China is attaching increasing importance to the creation of regional integration, high-quality economic development and ecological civilization. An accurate grasp of the traction effect of the increased level of integration of urban agglomerations on the eco-efficiency (EE) of cities in the region will help to promote the steady improvement of urban economic development and the ecological environment. This paper constructs an index system to measure the level of integration of the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration (CCUA) and the EE of each city within it from 2011 to 2020 and explores the impact of regional integration on urban EE and its mechanism of action. The study presents the follow findings: (1) The level of integration of the CCUA increased nearly 10 times from 2011 to 2020, with the government playing a significant leading role. (2) The positive and negative effects of the level of integration of the CCUA on urban EE depend on factors such as the level of economic development, the stage of development and the location. There are several relationships between the level of intra-regional integration and urban EE: first, a nearly linear increase, as in Chongqing and Chengdu; second, an increase in fluctuation, as in Dazhou, Guang’an and Leshan; and third, a fluctuation, decrease, flat or even no real increase, as in Luzhou, Ya’an and Zigong. (3) Based on this, this paper considers the mechanism of the level of integration within the region on urban EE in terms of both economic and eco-environmental effects, with a view to exploring the future green development path of the CCUA.
Extravillous trophoblast invasion disorder caused by oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE). In order to identify whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can prevent oxidative stress injury in extravillous trophoblasts. HTR-8/SVneo cells were detected by H2S inhibiting H2O2 induced oxidative mitochondrial damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). JC-1 detected the potential of the mitochondrial membrane in this experiment. Then to detect the expression level of the apoptosis-inducing protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) associated X protein (Bax), caspase 3, p53, p-p53, the apoptosis-inhibiting protein Bcl-2, PRAP, and the mitochondria fission protein Drp1, p-Drp1. CCK-8 assay, it was demonstrated that cell proliferation in the NaHS group was significantly higher than that in the Mod group, indicating that H2S may induce cell proliferation. Transwell assay elucidated that cell invasion in the NaHS group was recovered compared to the Mod group. ROS concentration no matter in cells or mitochondria was decreased by NaHS, which we could get from the comparison between the Mod group, PAG group, and NaHS group. The concentration of MDA was significantly lower in the NaHS group, and the concentration of SOD was extremely high in the NaHS group. Utilized JC-1 to detect mitochondrial membrane potential and found that cells from the NaHS group had a stable potential while cells from the Mod group and PAG group partly lost their potential, which could demonstrate that NaHS could maintain mitochondrial membrane potential. The western blot results revealed that p-Drp1 had a significant decline in the NaHS group, which means mitochondria fission was decreased in the NaHS group. The expression level of Bax and caspase 3 was significantly lower than in the Mod group and PAG group, and the expression level of Bcl-and PRAP was significantly higher in the NaHS group. That could prove that NaHS protect HTR-8/SVneo cell by inhibiting cell apoptosis. These promising results show that H2S elicits its effects on cell apoptosis by decreasing ROS concentration, maintaining mitochondrial membrane stability, and promoting apoptosis-inhibiting protein expression in cells.
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