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Silver nanoparticles have drawn extensive attention as biomaterial components. Human fibroblasts were grown on various concentrations of silver nanoparticles during the period observation. Normal viability (0% silver particles) was increased from 6 to 72 hours, increasing the amount of human fibroblasts (1.5x10 4 to 7x10 6 cells/well) normally. Nevertheless, at higher concentrations of silver nanoparticles (50%) 1.11x10 5 cells/well remained after 72 hours. Results indicated that the increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles reduced the number of fibroblasts and affected their fission. Silver nanoparticles were found under the membranes of fibroblast following dry treatment. The number of tissues declined because the silver nanoparticles interrupted the fission mechanism during their development in vivo.

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Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), synonymous with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a worldwide viral agent that infects various avian species and responsible for outbreaks of Newcastle disease. In this study, 40 APMV-1 isolates collected from poultry, migratory birds, and resident birds during 2010-2018 in Taiwan were characterized genetically. Our phylogenetic analysis of complete fusion protein gene of the APMV-1 isolates revealed that 39 of the 40 Taiwanese isolates were closely related to APMV-1 of class I genotype 1 or class II genotypes I, VI or VII, and one isolate belonged to a group that can be classified as a novel genotype 2 within class I. The fusion protein gene sequences of a branch (former 1d) nested within class I sub-genotype 1.2 were closely related to those isolated from wild birds in North America. Viruses placed in class II sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.1 and sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 were the dominant pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV-1) circulating in the last decade in Taiwan. All the Newcastle disease outbreak-associated isolates belonged to class II sub-genotype VII.1.1, which was mainly responsible for the present epizootic of Newcastle disease in Taiwan. We conclude that at least five sub/genotypes of APMV-1 circulate in multiple avian host species in Taiwan. One genetically divergent group of APMV-1 should be considered as a novel genotype within class I. Migratory birds may play an important role in intercontinental spread of lentogenic APMV-1 between Eurasia and North America.

We reported the complete coding sequence of a lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) isolated from cattle from Kinmen, Taiwan, in 2020. The nucleotide sequence of LSDV/KM/Taiwan/2020 was most closely related to strains from an outbreak in China and Vietnam in 2020 and clustered within the vaccine or vaccine-derived clade.

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