Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N2, H5N3, and H5N8 in Taiwan in 2015

Lee, Ming-Shiuh; Chen, Li-Hsuan; Chen, Yen-Ping; Liu, Yu-Pin; Li, Wan-Chen; Lin, Yu‐Li; Lee, Fan

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.012

Cited by 53 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…H5N8 and H5N2 HPAI viruses have also been detected in wild geese [16, 36]. In Taiwan, H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses (H5N2, H5N3 and H5N8) produced a severe epidemic in the domestic geese population in 2015, and more than 2.2 million geese died or were culled [37]. Recently, infections with H5N8 HPAI viruses have also been reported in domestic geese in Europe [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese

Pantin‐Jackwood

Costa-Hurtado

Bertran

et al. 2017

Vet Res

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In late 2014, a H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, spread by migratory waterfowl into North America reassorting with low pathogenicity AI viruses to produce a H5N2 HPAI virus. Since domestic waterfowl are common backyard poultry frequently in contact with wild waterfowl, the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the United States H5 HPAI index viruses (H5N8 and H5N2) was investigated in domestic ducks and geese. Ducks infected with the viruses had an increase in body temperature but no or mild clinical signs. Infected geese did not show increase in body temperature and most only had mild clinical signs; however, some geese presented severe neurological signs. Ducks became infected and transmitted the viruses to contacts when inoculated with high virus doses [(104 and 106 50% embryo infective dose (EID50)], but not with a lower dose (102 EID50). Geese inoculated with the H5N8 virus became infected regardless of the virus dose given, and transmitted the virus to direct contacts. Only geese inoculated with the higher doses of the H5N2 and their contacts became infected, indicating differences in infectivity between the two viruses and the two waterfowl species. Geese shed higher titers of virus and for a longer period of time than ducks. In conclusion, the H5 HPAI viruses can infect domestic waterfowl and easily transmit to contact birds, with geese being more susceptible to infection and disease than ducks. The disease is mostly asymptomatic, but infected birds shed virus for several days representing a risk to other poultry species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese

Pantin‐Jackwood

Costa-Hurtado

Bertran

et al. 2017

Vet Res

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“…This virus contained genes similar to those of the Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 alongside genes from North American wild bird lineages (World Organisation for Animal Health, 2016 ). In Taiwan, novel (H5N2, H5N3) reassortants also caused several outbreaks in 2014 (Lee et al, 2016). In December 2014, the new H5N8 and H5N2 HPAI viruses were detected in wild birds in Washington USA, before being found in poultry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation

Dhingra

Artois

Robinson

et al. 2016

eLife

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Global disease suitability models are essential tools to inform surveillance systems and enable early detection. We present the first global suitability model of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and demonstrate that reliable predictions can be obtained at global scale. Best predictions are obtained using spatial predictor variables describing host distributions, rather than land use or eco-climatic spatial predictor variables, with a strong association with domestic duck and extensively raised chicken densities. Our results also support a more systematic use of spatial cross-validation in large-scale disease suitability modelling compared to standard random cross-validation that can lead to unreliable measure of extrapolation accuracy. A global suitability model of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, a group of viruses that recently spread extensively in Asia and the US, shows in comparison a lower spatial extrapolation capacity than the HPAI H5N1 models, with a stronger association with intensively raised chicken densities and anthropogenic factors.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19571.001

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“…Few HPAI viruses have become endemic in poultry, but the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) (H5N1) HPAI virus lineage has in the last 20 years spread to over 70 countries and is currently endemic in poultry in at least 8 different countries remaining a constant threat for many countries around the world (19). The HA genes of the virus have diversified into multiple genetic lineages or clades, and specifically subclade 2.3.4.4 has reassorted with different neuraminidase subtypes to generate widely circulating variants including H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8 subtypes of HPAI viruses (15, 16, 33, 36, 37). In early 2014, outbreaks of H5N8 HPAI were reported in South Korea and Japan in poultry and wild aquatic birds (17), with migratory aquatic birds highly suspected in playing a key role in the spread of the virus (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in adaptation of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses in chickens and mallards

et al. 2016

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H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused a severe poultry outbreak in the United States (U.S.) during 2015. In order to examine changes in adaptation of this viral lineage, the infectivity, pathogenesis and transmission of poultry H5N2 viruses were investigated in chickens and mallards in comparison to the wild duck 2014 U.S. index H5N2 virus. The four poultry isolates examined had a lower mean bird infectious dose than the index virus but still transmitted poorly to direct contacts. In mallards, two of the H5N2 poultry isolates had similar high infectivity and transmissibility as the index H5N2 virus, the H5N8 U.S. index virus, and a 2005 H5N1 clade 2.2 virus. Mortality occurred with the H5N1 virus and, interestingly, with one of two poultry H5N2 isolates. Increased virus adaptation to chickens was observed with the poultry H5N2 viruses; however these viruses retained high adaptation to mallards but pathogenicity was differently affected.

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N2, H5N3, and H5N8 in Taiwan in 2015

Cited by 53 publications

References 20 publications

Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese

Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese

Global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation

Changes in adaptation of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses in chickens and mallards

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