Phylogenetic analysis of avian paramyxoviruses 1 isolated in Taiwan from 2010 to 2018 and evidence for their intercontinental dispersal by migratory birds

Abstract

Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), synonymous with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a worldwide viral agent that infects various avian species and responsible for outbreaks of Newcastle disease. In this study, 40 APMV-1 isolates collected from poultry, migratory birds, and resident birds during 2010-2018 in Taiwan were characterized genetically. Our phylogenetic analysis of complete fusion protein gene of the APMV-1 isolates revealed that 39 of the 40 Taiwanese isolates were closely related to APMV-1 of class I genotype 1 or class II genotypes I, VI or VII, and one isolate belonged to a group that can be classified as a novel genotype 2 within class I. The fusion protein gene sequences of a branch (former 1d) nested within class I sub-genotype 1.2 were closely related to those isolated from wild birds in North America. Viruses placed in class II sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.1 and sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 were the dominant pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV-1) circulating in the last decade in Taiwan. All the Newcastle disease outbreak-associated isolates belonged to class II sub-genotype VII.1.1, which was mainly responsible for the present epizootic of Newcastle disease in Taiwan. We conclude that at least five sub/genotypes of APMV-1 circulate in multiple avian host species in Taiwan. One genetically divergent group of APMV-1 should be considered as a novel genotype within class I. Migratory birds may play an important role in intercontinental spread of lentogenic APMV-1 between Eurasia and North America.

Pathotyping of Newcastle Disease Virus: a Novel Single BsaHI Digestion Method of Detection and Differentiation of Avirulent Strains (Lentogenic and Mesogenic Vaccine Strains) from Virulent Virus

“…Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are categorized into 15 serotypes (APMVs 1 to 15); with APMV-1 containing all economically relevant, naturally occurring strains of NDV ( 1 – 4 ). APMV-1 is separated into two clades, class I and class II, with class II subdivided into 21 genotypes ( 5 – 8 ). Class I isolates have a low virulence (lentogenic) and are mostly found in waterfowls ( 5 , 7 , 9 , 10 ), while class II isolates have high virulence and are found in poultry, pets, and wild birds ( 5 , 7 , 9 ).…”

“…APMV-1 is separated into two clades, class I and class II, with class II subdivided into 21 genotypes ( 5 – 8 ). Class I isolates have a low virulence (lentogenic) and are mostly found in waterfowls ( 5 , 7 , 9 , 10 ), while class II isolates have high virulence and are found in poultry, pets, and wild birds ( 5 , 7 , 9 ). The previous five panzootic outbreaks were caused by class II viruses ( 7 , 11 – 14 ).…”

Pathotyping of Newcastle disease virus: A novel single BsaHI digestion method of detection and differentiation of avirulent strains (lentogenic and mesogenic vaccine strains) from virulent virus

“…Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are categorized into fifteen serotypes (APMV 1-15); with APMV-1 containing all economically relevant strains of NDV that occur naturally (1)(2)(3)(4). APMV-1 is separated into two clades: class I and class II, with class II, subdivided into 21 genotypes (5)(6)(7)(8).…”

“…Class I isolates have a low virulence (lentogenic) and are mostly found in waterfowls (5,7,9,10), while class II isolates have high virulence and are found in poultry, pets, and wild birds (5,7,9). The previous five panzootic outbreaks were caused by Class II viruses (7,(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Genetic diversity of avian paramyxoviruses isolated from wild birds and domestic poultry in Taiwan between 2009 and 2020

“…With regard to APMVs in Taiwan, our previous studies outlines genetic diversity and distribution of class I and class II APMV-1 isolates in 2010–2018 [ 14 ] and identified novel APMV-22 isolates from the birds of family Columbidae in 2009–2017 [ 15 ]. These findings suggest that wild birds and domestic poultry maintain previously unrecognized genetic diversity of APMVs.…”