Genetic diversity of avian paramyxoviruses isolated from wild birds and domestic poultry in Taiwan between 2009 and 2020

Abstract

Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) belonging to the subfamily Avulavirinae within the family Paramyxoviridae. APMVs consist of twenty-two known species and are constantly isolated from a wide variety of avian species around the world. In this study, the APMV isolates obtained from wild birds and domestic poultry during 2009-2020 in Taiwan were genetically characterized by phylogenetic analysis of their complete fusion protein gene or full-length genome. As a result, 57APMV isolates belonging to seven different species were obtained during this period and subsequently identified as APMV-1 (n = 17), APMV-2 (n = 1), APMV-4 (n = 25), APMV-6 (n = 8), APMV-12 (n = 2), APMV-21 (n = 2) and APMV-22 (n = 2). Sanger sequencing was performed to provide 22 full-length genome sequences and 35 complete fusion protein gene sequences for the APMV isolates.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the recovered viruses were closely related to Eurasian strains, except five class I APMV-1 and four APMV-4 isolates were related to North America strains. Our findings provided more evidence for the intercontinental transmission of APMVs between Eurasia and North America by wild birds. In addition, according to the criteria of the classification system based on complete fusion protein gene sequences, three novel genotypes within APMV-2, APMV-12, and APMV-22 were identified. Together, this investigation provided a broader perspective on the genetic diversity, evolution, and distribution of APMVs in multiple avian host species sampled in Taiwan.

Isolation, full sequence analysis, and in situ hybridization of pigeon paramyxovirus-1 genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 from oriental turtle doves (Streptopelia orientalis)

“…Additionally, it has been demonstrated that some PPMV-1 isolates may even increase virulence after sequential passaging in chickens ( Abolnik et al, 2004 ). Although previous studies have shown that PPMV-1 can be detected in resident free-ranging pigeons, doves, and magpies in Taiwan ( Liu et al, 2020 , 2022 ), the prevalence of PPMV-1 in wild fields remains unknown. However, our findings proved that PPMV-1 could infect oriental turtle doves, which have an overlapping habitat with pigeons and are widely distributed in Taiwan and other countries in East Asia; thus, the potential threats of PPMV-1 in the poultry industry as well as in animals might be underestimated.…”

“…Newcastle disease virus ( NDV ) is a widespread worldwide virus that not only causes severe endemic outbreaks leading to tremendous economic losses in the poultry industry but also poses a threat to poultry breeders and farmers due to its zoonotic potential ( Gogoi et al, 2017 ). Hemagglutination inhibition ( HI ) and neuraminidase inhibition ( NI ) assays have demonstrated that there are at least 21 species of avian paramyxoviruses ( APMVs ) that can infect up to 250 different avian species ( Gogoi et al, 2017 ; Kuhn et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2022 ). In 2019, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) officially renamed NDV as avian paramyxovirus-1 ( APMV-1 ), which belongs to the species Avian orthoavulavirus 1 , genus Orthoavulavirus , family Paramyxoviridae , and order Mononegavirales ( Amarasinghe et al, 2019 ; Kuhn et al, 2020 ).…”

Avian Influenza Virus and Avian Paramyxoviruses in Wild Waterfowl of the Western Coast of the Caspian Sea (2017–2020)

“…The isolation rate was 0.35% (5 out of 1438) and 0.21% (3 out of 1438), respectively. APMV-4 and APMV-6 are often detected during AIV monitoring in wild waterfowl in various regions of the world, including some neighboring the Caspian Sea [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. It is currently unknown what role they play in the ecology of other viruses (for example AIVs).…”

Phylogenetic Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Poultry in Live Bird Markets and Wild Waterfowl in Zambia

“…In contrast, the two NDVs from wild birds were classified as avirulent as they possessed amino acid sequence motif 112 ERQER|L 117 , which is typical of avirulent strains. Moreover, several studies have also reported the isolation of virulent strains of NDV in chickens [ 44 , 45 , 46 ] and avirulent strains in wild birds [ 33 , 46 , 47 ]. While this study reported avirulent variants of NDV in wild birds, virulent class II variants responsible for many outbreaks have also been isolated in wild birds [ 3 , 48 ], indicating the importance of these birds in disseminating the virus.…”