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Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merris one of medicinal plant which was carried out used as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial. Many strategies were used to increase the production of biomass and valuable compounds. This study was to investigate the variation effect of growth regulators and immersion frequency on production of biomass and flavonoid contained of G. procumbens shoots culture in temporary immersion bioreactor. Stem nodes were used as an explants and induction of shoots were done in solid MS medium supplemented with many kinds of growth regulator. The best treatments were used to produce biomass and flavonoid compounds in temporary immersion bioreactor; there are combination of IAA 2 mg/L and BA 4, 6, 8 mg/L and immersion frequency (5 min each 3 h; 15 min each 12 h). Results showed that the growths of G. procumbens shoots in solid MS medium were influenced by supplementation of growth regulators. MS medium supplemented with single cytokinine (6 mg/L kinetin) and combination of auxin (IAA) and cytokinine (BA) caused increasing of shoots growth. Production of biomass of G. procumbens in temporary immersion bioreactor was achieved in long immersion interval (12 h) and highest flavonoid production was obtained in combination treatment of immersion frequency 15 min each 12 h and MS medium supplemented with IAA 2 mg/L, BA 8 mg/L.

Optimization of culture conditions of Talinum paniculatum Gaertn. adventitious roots in the balloon type bubble bioreactor have been done in order to increase its production of adventitious roots and saponin content. Culture conditions were used in this research were combination of aeration rate (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 vvm) and initial inoculum density (0.5, 1, 2 g/400 mL). Bioreactor with a volume of 1000 mL was filled with 400 mL of liquid MS medium supplemented with IBA 2 mg LG 1 were then given sterile air through a microfilter (0.2 µm) with different air flow rates. Into each bioreactor were added of different inoculum density of adventitious roots that had previously been induced from leaf explants of T. paniculatum on solid MS medium supplemented with IBA 2 mg LG 1 . Cultures were maintained for 14 days and sampling was done for every two days to determine the sugar content, conductivity and pH of the medium. The results showed that the combination of aeration rate of 0.5 vvm and inoculum density of 1 g/400 mL was the best treatment that can increase biomass of adventitious roots, whereas the combination of aeration rate of 0.75 vvm and inoculum density of 2 g/400 mL was the best treatment that can be increased of saponin content.

A protocol for genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and production of transgenic Dendrobium lasianthera has been developed for the first time. The 8-week-old protocorm explants were used as target of transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying plasmid pG35SKNAT1. Several parameters such as infection period, Agrobacterium density, concentration of acetosyringone, and co-cultivation period were evaluated for the transformation efficiency. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with p < 0.05. Subsequently, KNAT1 gene expression was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The highest efficiency of transformation (70%) obtained from protocorm explants infected with Agrobacterium culture was at the OD 600 concentration of 0.6 for 30 min, and co-cultivated with acetosyringone 100 µM for 5 days. The results of confirmation by PCR analysis show that the KNAT1 gene has been integrated and expressed in the genome of Dendrobium lasianthera transgenic.

The effect of the manipulation of the media on the vincristine alkaloid content in the callus of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don were studied. This work was done as an effort for gaining the vincristine alkaloid through tissue culture which was expected to obtain a larger amount of the alkaloid. Tissue culture of C. roseus was initiated from leaf explants on growth medium (MS supplemented with 1 mg per l 2,4-D and 1 mg per l BAP). after seven weeks incubation, with only subculturing on the same medium, the proliferating calli were subculture on a production medium (MS supplemented with 1mg per l IAA and 1 mg per l BAP) which were containing different additional concentration of sucrose, BAP, tryptophan, and concentration of 50 percent basic medium of MS from the standard. Eleven weeks-old calli were harvested from each treatment and dried for chemical analysed by thin layer chromatography on silica gel GF 254 using chloroform-aceton-triethylamine as mobile phase. Rf value and uv spectra were used to identify vincristine, and concentration of vincristine alkaloid was determine by preparative thin layer chromatography with methanol solvent and measured by uv-vis spectrophotometer at 233 nm. The maximum content of vincristine alkaloid was obtained from callus, which was grown on the MS standard with an addition of 40 g per l sucrose or 4 mg per l BAP or and also 50 percent of the MS standard medium. Tryptophan addition a precursor could not induce the alkaloid vincristine forming.

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Soil salinity and mineral deficiency are major problems in agriculture. Many studies have reported that plant-associated microbiota, particularly rhizosphere and root microbiota, play a crucial role in tolerance against salinity and mineral deficiency. Nevertheless, there are still many unknown parts of plant–microbe interaction, especially regarding their role in halophyte adaptation to coastal ecosystems. Here, we report the bacterial community associated with the roots of coastal sand dune halophytes Spinifex littoreus and Calotropis gigantea, and the soil properties that affect their composition. Strong correlations were observed between root bacterial diversity and soil mineral composition, especially with soil Calcium (Ca), Titanium (Ti), Cuprum (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) content. Soil Ti and Zn content showed a positive correlation with bacterial diversity, while soil Ca and Cu had a negative effect on bacterial diversity. A strong correlation was also found between the abundance of several bacterial species with soil salinity and mineral content, suggesting that some bacteria are responsive to changes in soil salinity and mineral content. Some of the identified bacteria, such as Bacillus idriensis and Kibdelosporangium aridum, are known to have growth-promoting effects on plants. Together, the findings of this work provided valuable information regarding bacterial communities associated with the roots of sand dune halophytes and their interactions with soil properties. Furthermore, we also identified several bacterial species that might be involved in tolerance against stresses. Further work will be focused on isolation and transplantation of these potential microbes, to validate their role in plant tolerance against stresses, not only in their native hosts but also in crops.