<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 5.65pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Malnutrition is an ecological problem in the sense influenced by various aspects, as explained in the framework of UNICEF (1988).<span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> Indonesia as developing country at present still faced such a problem.</span> Eco-nutrition is important to understand related factors affect</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ing</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> malnutrition in Indonesia to find out more effective programs. Eco-nutrition have three key areas : public health (access to quality water, sanitation and health services), socio economic (livelihood assets) and malnutrition. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The purpose of this research was to study the linkages between socioeconomic and public health factors with the problem of underweight, stunted, and wasted in Indonesia.</span>This research was conducted using cross-sectional study design, analyzed the 424 districts/cities in Indonesia. Data prevalence of underweight, stunted, wasted, level of education and public health factors (access to quality water, hygiene behavior, utilization of Posyandu, complete immunization coverage, incidence of diarrhea, and the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) obtained from Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas ) 2007. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Socio-economic data (level of poverty and GDP/capita) obtained from the Central Statistic Agency (BPS). </span>Statistical test of Pearson correlation and stepwise linear regression method were implemented to understand factors affecting underweight, stunted, wasted and correlation among variables.<strong> </strong>The study shows that factors affecting underweight were educational level, poverty level, hygiene behavior and use of Posyandu. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">While factors affecting stunted w</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">e</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">re GDP/capita, education level, poverty level, hygiene behavior, and utilization of Posyandu. Factors affecting wasted were hygiene behavior, utilization of Posyandu and complete immunization.</span></p>

Nusa Tenggara Timur adalah salah satu daerah di Indonesia dengan prevalensi gizi buruk tertinggi. Banyak penelitian telah mengidentifikasi bahwa komitmen politik adalah salah satu alasan penting terkait rendahnya prioritas intervensi gizi buruk dan dengan mengetahui peluang kebijakan dapat membantu untuk memajukan masalah dan solusi baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai komitmen politik dan peluang  pengembangan kebijakan gizi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Data primer dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner PCOM-RAT, sebuah teknik penilaian cepat untuk mengidentifikasi komitmen politik dan peluang kebijakan. Informan berasal dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi NTT, Bappeda Provini NTT, akademisi kesehatan, dan UNICEF perwakilan NTT yang terlibat dalam perencanaan kebijakan dari pemerintah dan non-pemerintah. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif terhadap skoring hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemimpin politik secara verbal dan simbolis berkomitmen untuk mengatasi masalah gizi, tetapi alokasi anggaran dinilai masih rendah. Media diidentifikasi tidak memahami dalam melaporkan masalah gizi tanpa menggunakan indikator yang kredibel dan alternatif kebijakan yang dipikirkan dengan baik hadir tetapi masih tidak memiliki kelayakan untuk diimplementasikan.

<p>Animal protein intake determines food consumption quality for healthy, active, and productive life. Objectives of this study were to analyze consumption patterns and demand for animal protein sources in cattle producing centers in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) provinces. This study employed 2014 Susenas data. Animal protein consumption levels in both provinces were below the recommended daily nutritional adequacy. Beef consumption participation level was very low (6.06%). Demand elasticities for animal products in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas, except for fresh fish. Income elasticities in urban areas were higher in terms of beef, chicken, milk, fresh fish and preserved fish. Income elasticities of meats and eggs in rural areas were higher for meats and eggs. Beef per capita consumption in 2020 is estimated to be 0.44 kg and in 2025 will reach 0.51 kg. Total demand for beef are projected to be 4,720 kg and 5,734 kg in 2020 and 2025, respectively. To achieve self-sufficiency in animal protein, in addition to beef self-sufficiency program currently implemented, it is necessary to increase other livestock products such as poultry with protein content equal to beef but with cheaper prices.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Asupan protein hewani menentukan kualitas konsumsi makanan yang diperlukan untuk mendukung hidup sehat, aktif, dan produktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola konsumsi dan permintaan pangan sumber protein hewani di daerah sentra produsen sapi di provinsi NTB dan NTT. Model AIDS digunakan untuk mengestimasi elastisitas permintaan pangan dan persamaan linear untuk mengestimasi proyeksi permintaan pangan hewani tahun 2020-2025. Data yang digunakan adalah data Susenas tahun 2014 dari BPS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi pangan sumber protein hewani masyarakat di dua provinsi di Nusa Tenggara  belum memenuhi angka kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan.Tingkat partisipasi konsumsi pangan sumber protein hewani untuk daging sapi cukup rendah, yaitu sebesar 6,06 %. Nilai elastisitas permintaan pangan di pedesaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan di perkotaan untuk seluruh komoditas kecuali ikan segar. Elastisitas pendapatan masyarakat perkotaan lebih tinggi untuk daging sapi, daging ayam, susu, ikan segar, dan ikan awetan, sedangkan bagi masyarakat pedesaan untuk daging lainnya dan telur lebih besar. Hasil proyeksi menunjukkan permintaan daging sapi dalam periode tahun 2020-2025 terus meningkat. Konsumsi daging sapi per kapita di kedua provinsi tersebut tahun 2020 diperkirakan sebesar 0,44 kg/tahun dan tahun 2025 mencapai 0,51 kg/tahun, sehingga  permintaan daging sapi tahun 2020 dan 2025 diproyeksikan masing-masing sebesar 4.720 kg dan 5.734 kg. Dalam rangka mewujudkan upaya swasembada protein hewani, selain program pencapaian swasembada daging sapi yang sudah berjalan, sebaiknya perlu diupayakan peningkatan komoditas pangan hasil ternak lainnya seperti unggas yang memiliki kandungan protein yang tidak kalah dengan daging sapi dengan harga yang lebih murah.</p>

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to analyze micronutrient deficiencies (Ca, Fe, Zn, Vitamin A and C) of Indonesian adults using probability method (PBM) and cutoff point method (CPM). This research was conducted by analyzing secondary data from Total Diet Study of the Ministry of Health of Indonesia, obtained from 24-h food recall method. The subjects were 58, 014 adults aged 19-49 years. The nutrient requirement from Institute of Medicine were used as benchmark. Both PBM and CPM were applied to assess micronutrient deficiencies. The results showed that by applying PBM, the prevalence of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and C deficiencies was 54.2%, 36.4%, 74.3%, 44.8% and 71.4% respectively; while the prevalence of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and C deficiencies using CPM-100 was 63.9%, 42.5%, 80.7%, 55.8% and 81.7% respectively. PBM result showed more men than women were categorized as suffering from Zn, Vitamin A and C deficiencies; and more women were categorized as Ca and Fe deficiencies. The application of CPM-100 tended to result in overestimation compared to PBM. The nutrient densities of Ca, Fe, Zn, Vitamin A and C were higher in women than in men (p <0.05). The nutrient densities of Ca, Zn, vitamin A and C were below the recommended level for both men and women. This implies micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent among Indonesian adults thus there is a need to improve the quality of their diet. This can be achieved by increasing the consumption of protein source foods (fish, meat and legume), fruits and vegetables as sources of micronutrients.

The aims of study were to analyze the ecological factors such as food availability, land capacity, population density, poverty, GDP, education; and their association to the consumption of carbohydrate food sources in some rural and urban areas of Indonesia. This ecological study was conducted by analysing the 62 districts in Indonesia. The data of food consumption was part of set Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas 2007). The data of food production, population density, poverty, GDP, and education collected from the Central Statistic Agency (BPS). The statistical test was pearson correlation and stepwise linear regression. The study shows that consumption of carbohydrate food sources in rural more than in urban area and dominated by rice. Energy contribution from carbohydrate food sources is a half of total energy contribution (55.9% in rural and 48.05% in urban). In rural area, consumption of rice, corn, cassava, and sweet potato per capita per year were 109 kg, 4.69 kg, 2.51 kg, and 0.66 kg. While in urban area, consumption of rice, corn, cassava, and sweet potato per capita per year were 95 kg, 1.24 kg, 3.51 kg, and 0.209 kg. The food availability was significantly affected to the consumption of carbohydrate food sources in rural and urban areas.

Food demand can be found dynamic, altering by the change in price and income. How great the influence of those changes to food consumption is the important information as the basic consideration for government in creating policysisi produsen dan konsumen, tetapi juga dari sisi pemanfaatan investasi yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah. Dari sisi produsen, beras dihasilkan oleh 18 juta rumah tangga petani dan 49% diantaranya ialah petani sempit yang menguasai lahan kurang dari 0.24 hektar per keluarga. Dari sisi konsumen, beras sebagai makanan pokok utama masyarakat dengan partisipasi konsumsi mencapai 95% dan kontribusi energi sebesar 51.42%. Komoditas beras juga penyumbang utama lapangan kerja sektor pertanian dengan pangsa 30% serta terkait dengan peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat (Syafa'at, Ariani, Mardiyanto, Kristyantoadi &

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