The application of probability method to estimate micronutrient deficiencies prevalence of Indonesian adults

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze micronutrient deficiencies (Ca, Fe, Zn, Vitamin A and C) of Indonesian adults using probability method (PBM) and cutoff point method (CPM). This research was conducted by analyzing secondary data from Total Diet Study of the Ministry of Health of Indonesia, obtained from 24-h food recall method. The subjects were 58, 014 adults aged 19-49 years. The nutrient requirement from Institute of Medicine were used as benchmark. Both PBM and CPM were applied to assess micronutrient deficiencies. The results showed that by applying PBM, the prevalence of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and C deficiencies was 54.2%, 36.4%, 74.3%, 44.8% and 71.4% respectively; while the prevalence of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and C deficiencies using CPM-100 was 63.9%, 42.5%, 80.7%, 55.8% and 81.7% respectively. PBM result showed more men than women were categorized as suffering from Zn, Vitamin A and C deficiencies; and more women were categorized as Ca and Fe deficiencies. The application of CPM-100 tended to result in overestimation compared to PBM. The nutrient densities of Ca, Fe, Zn, Vitamin A and C were higher in women than in men (p <0.05). The nutrient densities of Ca, Zn, vitamin A and C were below the recommended level for both men and women. This implies micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent among Indonesian adults thus there is a need to improve the quality of their diet. This can be achieved by increasing the consumption of protein source foods (fish, meat and legume), fruits and vegetables as sources of micronutrients.

Konsumsi Pangan dan Densitas Gizi Wanita Dewasa Usia 19-49 Tahun di Indonesia

“…Tingkat kecukupan kalsium, seng dan vitamin A masih rendah. Hasil ini sejalan berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu yang menunjukkan bahwa kecukupan zat gizi mikro pada penduduk dewasa di Indonesia relatif masih rendah (39).…”

“…Penelitian di Sukabumi menunjukkan bahwa densitas protein, vitamin A, kalsium, dan vitamin C masih dibawah rekomendasi yang juga sama halnya dengan penelitian ini (29). Rendahnya konsumsi sayur, buah dan pangan hewani pada perempuan dewasa di Indonesia menjadi faktor yang mengakibatkan rendahnya densitas asupan kalsium dan vitamin, khususnya vitamin A dan C. penelitian ini sejalan dengan peneltian sebeljumnya pada subjek dewasa bahwa konsumsi sayur, buah dan pangan hewani masih rendah (31,32,39). Kekurangan zat gizi mikro dalam waktu yang panjang dapat berpengaruh terhadap penurunan tingkat kecerdasan, peningkatan penyakit infeksi, penurunan produktivitas kerja, serta dapat meningkatkan angka kematian ibu dan anak (1).…”

Towards Healthy Aging with Physical Activity and Nutrition

“…The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency for female adult is 50% and senior adult is 35.1%. 30,31 Calcium is required for the normal development and maintenance of the skeleton, as well as for the proper functioning of neuromuscular and cardiac function. It is stored in the bones and teeth, where it provides structure and strength.…”

Investing in adult nutrition to reduce mobility problems in ageing population

“…Studies have shown the association between protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium, and omega-3 with mobility problems in later life. 6 Understanding factors contributing to these mobility-related diseases, prevention strategies that emphasizing the needs for dietary intervention would be vital to reduce the disease burden in ageing population.…”