Introduction: Obesity and overweight in adolescents and adults are associated with chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training and pre-meal water intake on the lipid profile of overweight and obese students. Methods: This was a pre-post experimental study. Twenty-seven overweight and obese students (mean BMI 26.0±3.1 kg/m2 and mean age 19.7±0.7 years) were divided randomly into three groups. The first group (n=9; BMI=26.6±3.6 kg/m2) received Plain Water Intake (PWI) intervention, whereby students received three bottles of plain water (600 mL) per mealtime (total 1.8 L/ day) and consumed ad libitum 30 to 45 minutes before mealtime (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The second group (n=9; BMI=25.9±2.4 kg/m2) received High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) intervention and underwent three exercise sessions per week (18 minutes/day; 70–85% of HRmax) that was introduced through a video recording. The last group (n=9; BMI= 25.7±3.4 kg/m2) received a combination of PWI+HIIT intervention. Nutritional status, nutrient intake, and lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] were assessed before and after the interventions. Data were analysed using paired sample t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: The PWI group showed a significant increase in HDL-C, while the HIIT group showed a significant reduction in TC (p<0.05). On the other hand, the PWI+HIIT group showed significant improvements in lipid profile (TC, TG and HDL-C) (p<0.05). Conclusion: A combination of PWI+HIIT intervention may be effective in improving lipid profile.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 5.65pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Malnutrition is an ecological problem in the sense influenced by various aspects, as explained in the framework of UNICEF (1988).<span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> Indonesia as developing country at present still faced such a problem.</span> Eco-nutrition is important to understand related factors affect</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ing</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> malnutrition in Indonesia to find out more effective programs. Eco-nutrition have three key areas : public health (access to quality water, sanitation and health services), socio economic (livelihood assets) and malnutrition. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The purpose of this research was to study the linkages between socioeconomic and public health factors with the problem of underweight, stunted, and wasted in Indonesia.</span>This research was conducted using cross-sectional study design, analyzed the 424 districts/cities in Indonesia. Data prevalence of underweight, stunted, wasted, level of education and public health factors (access to quality water, hygiene behavior, utilization of Posyandu, complete immunization coverage, incidence of diarrhea, and the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) obtained from Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas ) 2007. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Socio-economic data (level of poverty and GDP/capita) obtained from the Central Statistic Agency (BPS). </span>Statistical test of Pearson correlation and stepwise linear regression method were implemented to understand factors affecting underweight, stunted, wasted and correlation among variables.<strong> </strong>The study shows that factors affecting underweight were educational level, poverty level, hygiene behavior and use of Posyandu. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">While factors affecting stunted w</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">e</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">re GDP/capita, education level, poverty level, hygiene behavior, and utilization of Posyandu. Factors affecting wasted were hygiene behavior, utilization of Posyandu and complete immunization.</span></p>

Unbranded palm cooking oil has been fortified for several years and can be found in the market with different oxidation levels. This study aimed to investigate the stability and shelf life of unbranded, bulk, vitamin A-fortified palm oils with the most commonly observed oxidation levels in Indonesia. Three types of cooking oils were tested: (i) cooking oil with a peroxide value (PV) below 2 mEq O2/kg (PO1); (ii) cooking oil with a PV around 4 mEq O2/kg (PO2); and (iii) cooking oil with a PV around 9 mEq O2/kg (PO3). The oil shelf life was determined by using accelerated shelf life testing (ASLT), where the product was stored at 60, 75 and 90 °C, and then PV, free fatty acid and vitamin A concentration in the oil samples were measured. The results showed that PO1 had a shelf life of between 2–3 months, while PO2’s shelf life was a few weeks and PO3’s only a few days. Even given those varying shelf lives, the vitamin A loss in the oils was still acceptable, at around 10%. However, the short shelf life of highly oxidized cooking oil, such as PO3, might negatively impact health, due to the potential increase of free radicals of the lipid peroxidation in the oil. Based on the results, the Indonesian government should prohibit the sale of highly-oxidized cooking oil. In addition, government authorities should promote and endorse the fortification of only cooking oil with low peroxide levels to ensure that fortification is not associated with any health issues associated with high oxidation levels of the cooking oil.

This study aims to develop a model of the future of Indonesia’s food consumption up to 2045, using a baseline of food consumption in 2017 and projections to 2025 as milestones, and to draw policy relevance on food and related issues for the next Medium-Term Development Planning of 2020–2024. The projected demand of Indonesian food consumption is built based on the functional relationship between income and food consumption at the baseline using three different scenarios of economic growth: baseline, moderate, and optimistic. Method of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) was implemented to estimate changes of food consumption. Susenas data from 2017 is used as the baseline of food demand model. Susenas data from 1990–2016 is used to analyze selected food consumption trends and the relationship between food consumption, price trends, and income in all 33 provinces of Indonesia. The results show that future food demand in Indonesia is determined by existing demand, income, price and its composition, and various other factors that affect the behavior and trends of consumption. The policy should focus on the balance between demand-side management and supply-side or productivity improvement, as the majority of food production centers are located in Java.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 5.65pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">This </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">research</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> aim</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> to analyze underlying factors affecting child malnutrition at Timor Tengah Utara district, NTT. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> design was a cross-sectional study. Sample of this study was household that have underfive years old children residing in the areas of Plan International. Data was collected by using structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and in-depth interview. Nutritional status was measured using anthropometric measurement with weight and height indicators and child consumption was recorded using 24 hours food’s recall. Result showed that in three villages prevalence of malnourished children was high, which were 6</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">0% classified as severe underweight, 15</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">3% severe stunting and 0</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">7% severe wasting. There was no significant difference in term of nutritional status. Child malnutrition was influenced by low access to nutrition and health information</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> low nutrition knowledge and practices</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> and low family income</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en" xml:lang="en">.</span></p>