<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 5.65pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">This </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">research</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> aim</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> to analyze underlying factors affecting child malnutrition at Timor Tengah Utara district, NTT. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> design was a cross-sectional study. Sample of this study was household that have underfive years old children residing in the areas of Plan International. Data was collected by using structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and in-depth interview. Nutritional status was measured using anthropometric measurement with weight and height indicators and child consumption was recorded using 24 hours food’s recall. Result showed that in three villages prevalence of malnourished children was high, which were 6</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">0% classified as severe underweight, 15</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">3% severe stunting and 0</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">7% severe wasting. There was no significant difference in term of nutritional status. Child malnutrition was influenced by low access to nutrition and health information</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> low nutrition knowledge and practices</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> and low family income</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en" xml:lang="en">.</span></p>

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AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh kesiapan menjadi orang tua dan pola asuh psikososial terhadap perkembangan sosial anak usia 2-3 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional study dan retrospective study di Kelurahan Besar, Kecamatan Labuhan dan Kelurahan Kota Matsum, Kecamatan Medan Area, Kota Medan. Sebanyak 100 keluarga yang memiliki anak pertama usia 2-3 tahun kemudian dipilih dengan metode purposif sebagai responden. Instrumen HOME digunakan untuk mengukur stimulasi psikososial, instrumen Parenthood Readiness digunakan mengukur kesiapan menjadi orang tua sedangkan instrumen Vineland Social Maturity Scale digunakan mengukur perkembangan sosial anak. Data dianalisis menggunakan Partial Least Square (PLS). Kesiapan menjadi orang tua terkategori sedang dengan indeks rataan 72,1± 11,1. Hampir dua per tiga keluarga (62,0%) memiliki stimulasi psikososial (HOME) yang rendah dengan indeks rataan 56,2 ±16,3. Sebagian besar anak memiliki tingkat perkembangan sosial terkategori rendah dengan indeks ratan 56,5 ± 14,9. Semakin matang usia istri dan suami saat menikah maka akan semakin matang kesiapannya menjadi orang tua dan semakin baik pula stimulasi psikososial yang diberikan. Hal ini meningkatkan peluang perkembangan sosial anak untuk menjadi lebih baik.Kata kunci: kesiapan menjadi orang tua, pola asuh psikososial, perkembangan sosial Effect of Parenthood Readiness and Psychosocial Parenting toward Social Development of Children AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of parenthood readiness and parenting psychosocial to social development in 2-3 years old. This study used cross sectional dan retrospective design in the Village Besar, Labuhan Subdistrict, and Village Medan Area, Kota Matsum Subdistrict, Medan City. One hundred families selected by purposive sampling child and mother as respondents. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The questionnaire of Parenthood Readiness used for assessing readiness to become parenthood, HOME Inventory to assessing parenting psychosocial and Vineland Social Maturity used for Social Development in 2-3 years old. Parenthood readiness was categorized by the index average of 72,1±11,07. Nearly two-thirds of families (62,0%) have psychosocial parenting categorized amateurish with an index average 56,2±16,3. Mostly of children have social development categorized less independent (62,0%) with an index average 56,5±14,9. The higher age of maternal and paternal, more ready to become parents and good in psychosocial parenting. These will increase opportunities for social development for children to become independent.

Optimal growth and development during early childhood will be able to describe a better future, especially for children between 2-5 years old. The aim of the study was to analyze value of child, psychosocial stimulation, and cognitive development of 2-5 years old children in food insecurity areas at district of Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah Province. Two subdistrict which were Pejawaran and Punggelan were selected purposively. From each subdistrict, 3 villages were chosen for a total of 6 villages served as site of the study. From each villages, 50 families with its children aged 2-5 years were randomly selected, for a total of 300 families as respondents of this study. Result showed that average score of value of children was 81,2%. It means that parents had high of perception and expectation to their children. Meanwhile, average score of psychosocial stimulation for 2-3 years old children was 49,8% and for 3-5 years old children was 57,4%. The average score of cognitive development for 2-5 years old children was 50,6%, which indicated that children still had low cognitive development. There was significant and possitive correlation between value of children and psychosocial stimulation. In line with this, increasing of psychosocial stimulation score was followed by increasing of child cognitive development score. Result showed that cognitive development was significantly and positively influenced by length of maternal education, length of child's participation on preschool education, family economic status, and psychosocial stimulation. On the other hand, increasing of age of children will be followed by decreasing score of cognitive development.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of attachment, environmental quality of parenting (HOME), and parental acceptance rejection -as indicator of quality of parenting-on preschool children's character in rural and urban areas of Bogor. The population of the study was intact families with the eldest child aged 3-6 years and lives together with the parents. The sample of this research was selected by simple random sampling (n=100, 50% live in rural area). The result showed that the average score of attachment in rural areas was higher than in urban areas. There was a significant difference of maternal attachment between participants in rural and urban area. The average score of the environmental quality of parenting in rural was higher than in urban area, while the average score of parental acceptance-rejection in rural area was lower than in urban area. Average score of children's character in urban area was higher and significantly different compared to participants in urban area. Regression analysis showed that the child's sex, child's age, mother's age, and attachment were significantly associated with the character of the child. Keywords:attachment, character, environmental quality of parenting, parental acceptance rejection, preschool children Pengaruh Kelekatan, Kualitas Pengasuhan, dan Kualitas Lingkungan Pengasuhan terhadap Karakter pada Anak Perdesaan dan Perkotaan di Bogor AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kelekatan ibu dan anak, kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan (HOME), dan pengasuhan penerimaan-penolakan -sebagai indikator kualitas pengasuhan-terhadap karakter anak perdesaan dan perkotaan di Bogor. Populasi penelitian ini adalah keluarga lengkap dengan anak pertama usia 3 hingga 6 tahun dan tinggal bersama orang tuanya. Contoh pada penelitian ini dipilih secara acak (random sampling) yang melibatkan 100 responden (50% nya berasal dari perdesaan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata skor kelekatan ibu dengan anak di perdesaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di perkotaan. Uji beda menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan dari kelekatan ibu di perdesaan dengan di perkotaan. Rata-rata skor kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan ibu di perdesaaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di perkotaan, sedangkan rata-rata skor gaya pengasuhan di perdesaan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di perkotaan. Rata-rata skor karakter anak di perkotaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di perdesaan. Hasil uji beda menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dari karakter anak di perdesaan dengan di perkotaan. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa jenis kelamin anak, usia anak, usia ibu, dan kelekatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap karakter anak usia prasekolah.Kata kunci: anak usia prasekolah, karakter, kelekatan ibu dan anak, kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan, pengasuhan penerimaan-penolakan

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Gaya pengasuhan dan metode sosialisasi orang tua yang menunjukkan interaksi antara orang tua dan anak merupakan faktor penting dalam membentuk kualitas remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dari gaya pengasuhan dan metode sosialisasi orang tua terhadap karakter siswa SMA di Kota Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilakukan di enam sekolah yang mewakili sekolah menengah umum dan kejuruan, contoh penelitian ini berjumlah 200 siswa yang terdiri atas 100 siswa laki-laki dan 100 siswa perempuan. Kriteria sampel adalah siswa kelas X dan berasal dari keluarga yang utuh. Data dikumpulkan dari bulan Mei sampai Juni 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi positif antara, pendapatan keluarga dan gaya pengasuhan permisif ayah/gaya pengasuhan otoriter ibu, gaya pengasuhan otoritatif kedua orang tua dan metode sosialisasi kedua orang tua, gaya pengasuhan otoritatif kedua orang tua dan karakter remaja, serta metode sosialisasi dari kedua orang tua dan karakter remaja. Korelasi negatif ditemukan antara pola asuh permisif dari kedua orang tua dan metode sosialisasi kedua orang tua, dan juga antara gaya pengasuhan permisif dari kedua orang tua dan karakter remaja. Gaya pengasuhan otoritatif dan metode sosialisasi ibu secara positif memengaruhi karakter remaja, sedangkan gaya pengasuhan permisif ibu secara negatif memengaruhi karakter remaja.

The aims of this research were to know characteristics of family and child who come from family whose working mother and unworking mother; to analyze the differences of breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation between two groups; to analyze the correlation between characteristics family and child, with breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation; and to analyze the impact of breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation toward child's social-emotion development. A cross sectional design was applied in this research. This research represented the part of Yuliati's (2006) research which entitled "Study of behavior buying and consuming milk for 2-5 years old of child and impact to child's growth and development". Population in this research represented sample from Yuliati's research that were selected by purposive with criteria 3,5-5 years old of children who come from family whose working mother and unworking mother. The result showed that there were not significant differences between characteristics of family and child, duration of breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation between two groups. Correlation test of Rank Spearman showed that only father's education and family's income that had significantly negative correlation with duration of breastfeeding. Meanwhile, father's education, mother's education, family's income and mother's knowledge about child's growth and development significantly had positive correlation with psychosocial stimulation. Based on gender, girl significantly had higher psychosocial stimulation than buy. Psychosocial stimulation and child's age were dominant factor in influencing child's social-emotion development, while duration of breastfeeding was not influencing.