Di antara produk-produk alami, flavonoid  adalah yang sangat menarik untuk dipelajari dan merupakan salah satu senyawa yang menjanjikan  untuk mengobati kanker, antioksidan, bakteri patogen, radang, disfungsi kardio-vaskular, dan lain-lain. Kemampuan dan bioaaktiftas terutama antioksidan dari  flavonoid telah dipelajari, dalam hal ini ditunjukkan bahwa metilasi flavonoid dapat meningkatkan peranan flavonoid dalam bidang obat-obatan. Metilasi dari flavonoid melalui kelompok hidroksil bebasnya atau atom C yang dapat meningkatkan stabilitas metaboliknya dan meningkatkan transportasi membran. Review ini menjelaskan struktur dasar dan klasifikasi flavonoid, dan isolasi dan bioaktiftas dari flavonoid yang khususnya dalam peranannya sebagai antioksidan. Mekanisme flavonoid sebagai antioksidan secara kimia dan tahapannya juga dipelajari.

Most coffee certification schemes are developed by Northern-based businesses and NGOs to regulate the production of coffee in the South. It is questionable whether these Northern-driven standards correspond to the preferences of coffee farmers in the South. Understanding farmer preferences and taking them into account when developing or improving certification schemes is believed to lead to more internalized, and therefore more effective standards. However, there is a lack of information on farmer's preferences, both in the academic literature as well as with the certification programs themselves. Based on conjoint analysis and interviews, this paper investigates the preferences of coffee smallholder farmers in Indonesia. The smallholders surveyed include farmers registered with global certification schemes (i.e. Rainforest Alliance, Utz certified, and 4C), a local certification scheme (Inofice) and uncertified farmers. Results indicate that farmers in the different groups do not differ much in terms of their preferences. Moreover, although farmers value environmental conservation, their preferences regarding certification are mainly economically driven. This leads us to conclude that sustainability certification of coffee is only weakly institutionalized in the farmer's context.

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Conventional social responsibility disclosure is measured by an index of global reporting initiative is limited to the material aspects of the course, while the Islamic social responsibility disclosure is not limited to the material aspect alone, but on the spiritual and moral aspects of the social reporting by Islamic index. Limitations of conventional social responsibility disclosure push this study to determine the factors that influence disclosure of social reporting on Islamic sharia banks in Indonesia.The study involved Islamic banks in Indonesia in 2010

This study aims to develop a model of the future of Indonesia’s food consumption up to 2045, using a baseline of food consumption in 2017 and projections to 2025 as milestones, and to draw policy relevance on food and related issues for the next Medium-Term Development Planning of 2020–2024. The projected demand of Indonesian food consumption is built based on the functional relationship between income and food consumption at the baseline using three different scenarios of economic growth: baseline, moderate, and optimistic. Method of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) was implemented to estimate changes of food consumption. Susenas data from 2017 is used as the baseline of food demand model. Susenas data from 1990–2016 is used to analyze selected food consumption trends and the relationship between food consumption, price trends, and income in all 33 provinces of Indonesia. The results show that future food demand in Indonesia is determined by existing demand, income, price and its composition, and various other factors that affect the behavior and trends of consumption. The policy should focus on the balance between demand-side management and supply-side or productivity improvement, as the majority of food production centers are located in Java.