Most coffee certification schemes are developed by Northern-based businesses and NGOs to regulate the production of coffee in the South. It is questionable whether these Northern-driven standards correspond to the preferences of coffee farmers in the South. Understanding farmer preferences and taking them into account when developing or improving certification schemes is believed to lead to more internalized, and therefore more effective standards. However, there is a lack of information on farmer's preferences, both in the academic literature as well as with the certification programs themselves. Based on conjoint analysis and interviews, this paper investigates the preferences of coffee smallholder farmers in Indonesia. The smallholders surveyed include farmers registered with global certification schemes (i.e. Rainforest Alliance, Utz certified, and 4C), a local certification scheme (Inofice) and uncertified farmers. Results indicate that farmers in the different groups do not differ much in terms of their preferences. Moreover, although farmers value environmental conservation, their preferences regarding certification are mainly economically driven. This leads us to conclude that sustainability certification of coffee is only weakly institutionalized in the farmer's context.

Certification and participation in farmer organisations are associated with economic and social benefits for farmers. However, knowledge about the differences in the perceived benefits of participation in different organisations and certification schemes is limited. In this paper, we distinguish between three types of farmer organisations in the Indonesian coffee sector: farmer groups, cooperatives, and KUBEs. We compare the benefits farmers perceive from participating in these forms of organisations, including the benefits for unorganised farmers and farmers in different certification schemes (Fair Trade, UTZ, the Rainforest Alliance, and 4C). We find that certified farmers perceive higher benefits than uncertified farmers, and that organised farmers perceive higher benefits than unorganised smallholders. Farmers who hold dual membership (in a farmer group and a KUBE or cooperative) perceive greater benefits than farmers who participate in farmer groups. Although farmers in different certification schemes significantly differ in the benefits they perceive, we could not identify clear patterns based on the schemes. We conclude that integration of the different organisational forms, as well as a more concentrated collaboration between the ministries underlying each organisational form, may improve the benefits perceived by farmers in the Indonesian coffee sector.

This paper contributes to the literature on the emerging trend of Southern sustainability standards and certifications as a reaction to the Northern-based private standards by businesses and NGOs. It particularly analyzes the implementation capacity of ISCoffee as a public standard and certification initiated by the Indonesian government. We analyze the opportunities and barriers in the process of implementing ISCoffee and examine whether ISCoffee can become a viable alternative to Northern-based private standards and certification. We first conclude that the implementation capacity of ISCoffee is low, because of weak administrative structures, and communication and coordination deficiencies. Second, we conclude that ISCoffee will unlikely being able to solve smallholder-related problems in the coffee sector such as limited access to market, insufficient capital, and underdeveloped farmer organizations. Finally, we conclude that ISCoffee - on the short term - will not manage to become a viable alternative to Northern-based private standards and certifications.

Sistem produksi dan perdagangan kopi di dunia telah berubah dalam dua dekade terakhir. Namun, jarang studi yang mengaitkan perubahan tersebut secara langsung dengan tren produksi dan perdagangan negara-negara penghasil kopi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) memprediksi tren produksi dan perdagangan di sepuluh negara produsen kopi terbesar di dunia, dan (2) mengidentifikasi jalan (pathway) yang berpotensi meningkatkan keberlanjutan (sustainability) produksi dan perdagangan kopi Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data time series FAOSTAT (1993 - 2020) yang diproyeksikan 10 tahun (sampai 2030) dengan metode double exponential smoothing. Penelitian ini memprediksi bahwa produksi dan perdagangan kopi dunia akan semakin dinamis. Beberapa negara (seperti Guatemala, Brazil, dan Ethiopia) diprediksi akan memperluas areal kopinya dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang cukup signifikan, sementara negara lain (seperti Vietnam dan Kolombia) diprediksi akan mengejar pertumbuhan yang tinggi dalam hal nilai ekspor biji kopi olahannya. Selain itu, beberapa negara (seperti Meksiko, Peru, dan Indonesia) diprediksi akan lebih fokus pada konsumsi domestik dalam negerinya. Dinamika tersebut memiliki implikasi pada produksi dan perdagangan kopi Indonesia. Namun, Indonesia secara makro memiliki modal institusional yang relatif baik, yaitu lingkungan pendukung untuk investasi (misalnya dalam hal ukuran pasar, ketersediaan infrastruktur, dan keterbukaan perdagangan) yang berpotensi mendukung keberlanjutan produksi dan perdagangan kopinya.

<em>Sustainable standards and certification can encourage coffee farmers to adopt good agricultural practices (GAP), achieving coffee production that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. The Common Code for Coffee Community (4C) is a standard and certification scheme currently exists in Robusta coffee production center in Lampung Province. However, sustainable standard and certification become less relevant without farmers’ participation. Farmers’ participation in standards and certification has been relatively low and studies on the issue are relatively rare. This study aims to analyze the determinants of farmer’s participation in 4C Standards and Certification. The study was conducted in West Lampung and Tanggamus Ragency, Lampung Province from February to May 2019. The total number of respondents was 120 people (4C certified farmers and non-certified farmers) surveyed with a systematic-random-sampling method. Data was analyzed using heckprobit regression. The results showed that farmer participation in 4C was determined by the selling price of coffee, farmers’ side job, farmers' preference to replace coffee with other commodities, and the farmers’ group activity. The results indicated that 4C and coffee stakeholders at national scale need to consider policies on how to improve coffee price, optimizing the farmer organizations, and the added-value of coffee production.</em>