The diet of Indonesian women of childbearing age is relatively poor, posing increased risk for suboptimal pregnancy outcome. In a cross-sectional study including 403 women in three economic quintiles (Q), we investigated differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status and whether regular dietary intakes of pregnant women (PW, n 203) differ from that of pre-pregnant women (PPW, n 200). Dietary intake data were collected using 2 × 24 h dietary recall and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes were calculated utilising Food Composition Tables and compared with Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes <70 % and Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes <77 % of the local recommendation were considered insufficient. A higher intake of milk/dairy products (Q3, Q4), fruits and vegetables (Q2) and snacks (Q3) in PW was observed compared with PPW, but insufficient to meet nutrient requirements. Nutrient intake calculations showed insufficiency in 26 % of PPW for protein and up to 70 % for Fe. Deficient nutrient intakes in PW were found in 49 % of the subjects for energy and up to 85 % for Fe. Energy and protein intakes decreased with decreasing economic quintiles in PPW and PW. Ca and vitamin A intakes were lower in Q2 compared with Q4. The proportion of animal protein in Q2-PW was low (31 %). Biochemical status parameters in a subset showed that anaemia and Fe and Zn deficiencies were prevalent among PPW and PW. Habitual diets in the study area did not meet the nutrient requirements for both PPW and PW across the investigated economic groups.Key words: Pregnant women: Pre-pregnant women: Food intakes: Nutrient intakes: Micronutrient intakes Maternal nutrition is a fundamental determinant of fetal growth, birth weight and infant morbidity; poor nutrition often leads to longterm, irreversible and detrimental consequences to the fetus (1) . Although government policies and programmes in Indonesia address nutrition among children (<5 years) and pregnant women (PW), 12·3 % of the Indonesian women are yet underweight (2) . The prevalence of anaemia and chronic energy deficiency in women (>15 years old) is 19·7 and 13·6 %, respectively (3) . Among Indonesian PW, anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies (folic acid, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B 12 ) are quite high (40-50 %), which may lead to poor pregnancy outcomes. Earlier studies from Indonesia have shown an inadequate intake of food and several nutrients by PW (4)(5)(6) . Women are undernourished in the first trimester of the pregnancy and have an insufficient weight gain during pregnancy (79 %) (7) . Nutritional status during pregnancy not only puts the mother 'at risk' but is also a risk factor for the infant being born with low birth weight (LBW: 9-11 % in Indonesia) (8) .There are limited recent data on the nutritional status of women of reproductive age in Indonesia. Thus, the aim of the present cross-sectional study conducted in Bogor municipality, West Java, Indonesia, was ...
Studi ini adalah cross-sectional yang dilakukan di Jakarta (pantai) dan di Bandung (pegunungan) dengan suhu rata-rata harian masing masing adalah 28 0 C dan 22 0 C. Sampel dipilih secara acak dari sekolah berturut-turut sebanyak masing masing 110 orang dan 99 orang. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengisian kuesioner, dan recall selama satu minggu untuk konsumsi aneka jenis minuman. Sebagian besar (73,2%) remaja di Bandung lebih menyukai air minum tanpa kemasan. Namun kebiasaan tersebut berbeda untuk di Jakarta, yaitu proporsi remaja yang mengkonsumsi air minum tanpa kemasan relatif sama dengan air kemasan (52,3% dan 47,7%). Rata-rata konsumsi air minum tanpa kemasan per hari secara signifikan lebih rendah di Jakarta (934 mL) daripada di Bandung (1038 mL) (p<0,05), sedangkan air minum kemasan secara signifikan berbeda, yaitu berturut-turut 1138 mL dan 452 mL (p<0,05). Remaja di pantai mengonsumsi air minum 500-600 ml lebih banyak dibandingkan di pegunungan. Lebih dari 16 kelompok minuman lainnya yang terdiri dari berbagai jenis minuman yang dikonsumsi oleh remaja, sehingga total asupan minuman per hari secara signifikan lebih besar di Jakarta (2787 mL) daripada di Bandung (2196 mL) (p<0,05). Meskipun asupan air minum (plain water) remaja di pegunungan hanya sekitar 1500 mL, namun rata-rata total asupan cairan di kedua daerah sudah lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan anjuran minum air (PUGS) sebanyak 2 liter. Kata kunci: konsumsi minuman, preferensi minuman, asupan cairan, remaja ABSTRACT THE CONSUMPTION OF BEVERAGES AND ITS PREFERENCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN JAKARTA AND BANDUNGThe objective of the study is to analyze the beverages preference and consumption of adolescents living in two different climates. The cross-sectional study was applied to 110 and 99 of high school students in Northern Jakarta and West Bandung to represent a coastal and mountainous areas respectively. A one week recall was applied to assess estimation of water intakes. The water intake was a summation of various beverages including drinking water.The results showed that the adolescents in Bandung prefered to drink home prepared water which the proportion was higher (73.2%) than those in Jakarta (52.3%). However, the adolescents in the coast mostly drank more bottled-water 3.9 times/day compared to 1.8 times/day in the mountainous area. The average of water intake was significantly higher in the coast (2787±1267 ml) compared to the mountain areas (2195±893 ml). The contribution of total drinking water was 74.3% dan 67.9% respectively.
The way in which women accommodate for their increased nutritional needs during the lactation period is poorly investigated. In a crosssectional study involving 220 lactating women (LW), equally distributed in economic quintiles (Q2, Q3, Q4), we investigated whether habitual dietary intake of LW differed from that of 200 pre-pregnant women (PPW) studied using the same methodology. Differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status were also investigated. Dietary intake data were collected using 2 × 24-h dietary recalls and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes were calculated utilising local food composition tables and were compared against Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes <70 % of the recommendation and Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes <77 % of the recommendation were considered insufficient. Except for Zn, dietary intakes of all studied nutrients were higher in LW compared with PPW. However, for all studied nutrients, dietary intake was insufficient in >25 % of LW. For Q2-LW, this proportion was >50 %, except for protein. LW across all studied economic quintiles approximately doubled their vegetable intake, and 71 % of LW indicated a belief that this enhances lactation performance. Biochemical status parameters were analysed in a subset of forty-five women. Anaemia as well as Fe, Zn and Se deficiencies were prevalent among LW, supporting the nutrient intake deficiency data. Despite increasing intakes in LW compared with PPW, habitual diets in the study area do not provide for daily nutrient requirements in substantial proportions for both LW and PPW across all investigated economic groups. Key words: Lactating women: Food intakes: Vegetable intakes: Micronutrient intakesThe most vulnerable groups for malnutrition worldwide are infants, young children and pregnant and lactating women (LW). Among these groups, actual knowledge about nutritional status and potential nutrient insufficiencies in LW is hardly available. Although the literature on relevant physiological adjustments and additional nutritional requirements is extensive (1,2) , the number of dietary assessment studies in LW is limited (3)(4)(5)(6) . Thus, the question on whether and how women change their diet upon lactation is far from being answered and is surely also dependent on culture and socio-economic status.The constant denominator for the actual increased nutritional requirements for LW is the need to produce adequate amounts of breast milk. A variable contribution will be recovery from and replenishment of exhausted nutrient stores after pregnancy and delivery, or an intentional wish to decrease fat stores accumulated during pregnancy (7) . Owing to this variable contribution, several recommendation bodies have made different weightings depending on local or regional factors, and thus arrived at different quantifications of the additional nutrient requirements during lactation.In this contribution, we specifically report on the dietary ...
Background: Human body requires water for the active and healthy life. Water is actually a nutrient, and there is a tendency that some people neglect its important roles for health. Water requirements can vary depends on physical activity, age groups, body weight, climate, and diet (energy intake).Objective: The study aimed to identify drinking habits and to assess water intake and its adequacy of teenagers in urban.Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2009 in high school SMAN 2 Bogor. The samples were healthy student at grade X and XI. The number of sample was 83 students which calculated based on mean estimation. Food and beverages consumption was assessed with 2 x 24 hours recall during a week-day and a week-end. Meanwhile, the last week drinking habits was collected by interviewed. Statistical analysis used here was independent t-test.Results: The average of water intake was 2582 ± 834 ml, whereas 2939 ± 922 ml for boys and 2250 ± 581 ml for girls. The total water intake was from solid foods (656 ± 265 ml) and beverages (1927 ± 704 ml). The contribution of drinking water to the total water intake was 51% for boys (1495 ml) and 58% for girls (1311 ml). The average water adequacy was 132% for boys and 111% for girls.Conclusion: The average of water intake was consider adequate in teenagers, however there was still 24.1% of them consumed less than 90% of water adequacy.
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