Chitosan is a potential natural blood lead chelating agent. In order to improve its chelating capability, the solubility of chitosan must be enhanced. It is an essential property which is also closely related to molecular weight and viscosity. One of the most renowned and effective methods to reduce the molecular weight and viscosity of a certain particle is irradiation. This research aims to examine the effect of Gamma 60Co irradiation upon molecular weight and viscosity of chitosan. 80 mesh chitosan was irradiated using Gamma 60Co with different doses (0, 50, 100, and 150 kGy). This process was carried out using gamma irradiator in the Centre of Isotopes and Radiation Application at BATAN (National Nuclear Energy Agency). Viscosity and molecular weight measurements were conducted using the viscosimetric method in the chemistry laboratory of FMIPA UNNES, while molecular weight was calculated using the Mark-Houwink equation. Results showed that the specific viscosity of chitosan decreased after the irradiation process from the initial specific viscosity of 4.98 η (0 kGy dose) to 3.28 η (50 kGy), 2.87 η (100 kGy), and 2.09 η (150 kGy). A similar trend was also found in the molecular weight of chitosan from the initial molecular weight of 2.10×105 kDa (0 kGy dose) to 1.25×105 kDa (50 kGy), 1.04×105 kDa (100 kGy), and 5.72 × 104 kDa (150 kGy). It was concluded that Gamma Co60 irradiation decreases the viscosity and molecular weight of chitosan by the effective dose of 150 kGy.
Aloe vera is one of many medicinal plants used as hypoglycemic. Higher glucose levels are one of the characteristics of diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to study effectiveness of Aloe vera peel extract on insulin and serum glucose levels of rats with type 2 diabetic. Twenty Wistar rats were induced intraperitoneally using single dose of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) and 230 mg/kg of nicotinamide acid (NA). The rats were divided into control and treatment groups, which was supplemented using 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight of Aloe vera peel extracts for 28 days, respectively. The serum glucose levels were measured after three days of induction, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, while the insulin levels were measured after three days of induction and at the end of treatment. In the control groups, the serum glucose levels in the second and fourth weeks remained significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the treatment group. The insulin levels of the groups with Aloe vera peel extract was significantly higher than control group. Aloe vera peel extract exerts hypoglycemic effects by reducing the blood glucose level and improving insulin secretion on the type 2 diabetic rats.
BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by lack of insulin production in the pancreas or by insulin resistance, the disease being characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia in diabetes could lead to oxidative stress due to the rise in 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) levels and the decrease in levels of total antioxidant status (TAS). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect Aloe vera extract on 8-oxodG level and total antioxidant status in diabetic rat testis.
This study was aimed to compare sugars and amino acid content in duck’s feed and the intestinal bacteria's effects to improve ducks' quality. This research was an observational exploration involving five duck husbandries from Semarang, Temanggung, Magelang, Pati, and Salatiga District, Central Java. A total of 5 g of intestinal contents were collected from each of the five ducks randomly selected from each husbandry. The feed and intestinal contents were then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest amino acid types were glutamate, aspartate, lysine, valine, and isoleucine, while the lowest was asparagine found in all sample farms. Intestinal contents freshly extracted then placed in dark bottles sterile for microbiome analysis with primers 6S rRNA V3-V4 genome identification. The concentration of glucose, fructose, and galactose in the intestine has increased significantly caused by digested polysaccharides. The composition of bacteria plays a vital role in digesting polysaccharides, makes them quickly absorbed by duck’s intestine cells. The abundance of bacteria in all sample locations was dominated by the phylum Firmicutes, especially Lactobacilalles, Bacilalles, and Clostridialles. Over feeding may not effective in sugar and essential amino acid absorption, however, it may play an essential role in the diversity of gut bacteria to produce necessary component for duck’s physiology.
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