The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990-2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables in 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO) and base cations x(Ca+Mg), hydrogen ion (H), inorganic N (NO and NH) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO and NH decreased significantly at 60-80% (concentrations) and 40-60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site-specific variation of xSO concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments.

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The aim of the study is to characterize the parameters of floods (volume, time of concentration, duration and share in the drainage of water from the catchment) shaped by various factors: snowmelt S, downpours Rh, continuous rainfall Rc, rainfall with variable intensity over time R(h+c) and mixed (snowmelt-rainfall R+S). The research was carried out in the Bystrzanka stream (13 km 2 catchment area) in the Western Polish Carpathians in the years 1971-2015. The results were obtained on the basis of the limnigram analysis from the water gauge closing the tested catchment. Floods show a high variability of events, duration and size of outflow in subsequent years. The total number of floods in the analyzed period was 408, of which the highest number were of Rh floods (132). Floods occurred on average for 3.6% of the analyzed period and amounted to 21.1% of the outgoing water.

: The article contains an analysis of the duration and the dates of the start of thermal seasons of the year, distinguished on the basis of the average daily air temperature at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Research Station at Szymbark over a period of 46 years . To determine the initial dates of thermal seasons a method proposed by Makowiec ( 1983 ) was used. According to this method, the year was divided into eight thermal seasons, with temperature threshold values : 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C. The classification by Makowiec is based on the growth or fall of cumulative ranks of air temperature diminished by the temperature threshold value for a particular season. The determination of the initial dates enabled the calculation of the length of the seasons. The long-term analysis involved also the tendencies of length and changes of the initial date of a given season. The location of the meteorological station enables to expand the area of the interpretation of results into the borderland of the Beskid Niski Mts and the Carpathian Foothills. A high variability of the dates of the start and the duration of seasons was observed. The trends of duration and starting dates are multidirectional. The longest season is summer ( 89 days ), which starts increasingly earlier and lasts increasingly longer. An increase in duration also refers to pre-spring and autumn. Increasingly shorter winters and springs were also observed within the multi-year period.

The paper outlines changes in the channel morphology of the Ropa riverbed over the last six years, taking into account the role of large floods and the Klimkówka water reservoir in shaping the morphology of the riverbed. The analysis was based on annual geodetic measurements of the Ropa riverbed conducted between 2009-2014. The research was carried out in four cross profiles of the riverbed located upstream (1 profile) and downstream (3 profiles) of the reservoir. In order to recognise the direction and scale of morphology changes of the riverbed, additional analyses of water levels in the Ropa River was performed in the analysed multiannual period. The conducted analysis led to the conclusion that floods with extremely large discharges are the key factor causing the deepening of the riverbed downstream from the reservoir. It can be up to about 70 cm deep during a single event. The reservoir is just one additional factor of many which shape the direction and scale of changes to the riverbed. A significant role in modifying the riverbed morphology upstream from the reservoir is played by river control works, which diminish the effects of sediment accumulation occurring on this section.

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