AbstractIntroduction. Central obesity is characterized by the accumulation of abdominal fat which may lead to several diseases including insulin resistance. The prevalence of central obesity is higher in male and the incidence in young adult males is increased. Central obesity is also related to low testosterone levels. The research aimed to assess the relationship between the testosterone levels and insulin resistance of young adult males with central obesity.Methods. This was a cross-sectional study, the subjects were young adult males of 18 to 25 years old. The central obesity consisted of 50 samples and non-central obesity comprised 70 samples. The examination of testosterone and insulin was performed by the ECLIA method, glucose used the enzymatic method, the insulin resistance was calculated by using the HOMA-IR index.Results. The mean of the testosterone level in central obesity was lower than non-central obesity (5.24 + 1.17 vs 7.18 + 1.54 ng/mL, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR index in central obesity was higher than non-central obesity (4.29 + 2.23 vs 2.46 + 1.72, p < 0.001). Testosterone levels had negative correlation with HOMA-IR (r = –0.470, p < 0.001). There was significant difference in HOMA-IR among the quartiles of testosterone levels.Conclusion. There is negative correlation between testosterone level with HOMA-IR, the lower the testosterone level the higher the insulin resistance in young adult males.

The bacterial and sensitivity pattern towards antimicrobials on urinary tract infections (UTI) patients are very important to beknown by clinicians to get a successful treatment. The bacterial and sensitivity pattern towards antimicrobials will be changed in differentplace and time, so that those should be analyzed routinely. To evaluate the bacterial and antimicrobials resistance pattern on urinarytract infections patients. A retrospective study on 220 urinary samples in January until December 2004 at Clinical Microbiology subunit of Dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital . Of 99 samples of UTI, Prevalence of UTI in woman (54.5%) were higher than man (45.5%).Most of sample (28 samples) were found in 0 to 15 years group. The most bacteries in urine were Escherichia coli (39.4%) and Klebsiella(26.3%). Amikacin was sensitive to all bacteries, while amoxicilin and ampicilin were resistance. Prevalence of UTI in women werehigher than in men. Incidens of UTI was highest in children group. The most bacteries in urine samples were Escherichia coli. Amikacinwas sensitive to all bacteries, while Amoxicilin and Ampicilin were resistance.

Diabetic nephropathy is one of diabetic complications characterized by proteinuria and impaired renal function. Confirmation of diagnosis based either on urine value of albumin excretion rate (AER) 30-300 mg/24 hours or albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) 30-300 mg/g or total protein creatinine ratio (TPCR) 150-500 mg/g. It is reported that TPCR measurement is more acceptable since it is convenient, fast and does not require special preparation. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of TPCR for diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes (type 2 DM). A diagnostic test study was conducted which involved 86 patients with type 2 DM where urine TPCR value equal or more than 150mg/g was independently and blindly compared with AER as a refference standard to diagnose diabetic nephopathy. The inclusion criteria were patients with type 2 DM who suspected suffer from diabetic nephropathy (suffer from DM more than 4 years) and agree to participate in this study. Those whom were suffer from at least on of the following diseases urinary tract infection, congestive heart failure, liver dysfunction, pregnancy, multiple myeloma, microangiopathy hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and incomplete data were excluded from the study. Contingency (2x2) table analysis was used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), likelihood ratio for positive test result/LR(+), likelihood ratio for negative test result/ LR(-), and accuracy. The average of TPCR among diabetic nephropathy patient was 248.07 mg/g. It was significantly higher than compared to those non diabetic nephropathy patient (103.52 mg/g). It was found 75 true positive, 9 true negative, and 2 false positive. The result showed that TPCR had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 97.4%, 100%, 100%, and 81,8% respectively to diagnose diabetic nephropathy.The TPCR with value equal or more than 150 mg/g in the morning sample urine can be used to diagnose diabetic nephropathy. 75 positif benar, 9 negatif benar, dan 2 positif palsu. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa TPCR memiliki sensitifitas 97,4%, spesifisitas 100%, NPP 100%, dan NPN 81,8% untuk diagnosis nefropati diagnostik. TPCR dengan nilai sama atau lebih dari 150 mg/g pada sampel urin pagi dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis nefropati diabetik.

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a visually debilitating disease and is commonly classified according to its severity as non-proliferative DR (NPDR) or proliferative DR (PDR). Those suffering from PDR tend to have worse vascular complications and prognosis. Platelets exposed by vasculopathy caused by DR maybe activated to try to maintain haemostasis. This activity can be illustrated by the mean platelet component (MPC). Therefore, by MPC monitoring we may be able to predict the progression from NPDR into PDR.Purpose: To investigate the difference of MPC in patients with NPDR and PDR.Study design: Cross-sectional.Materials and methods: This study involved 71 DR patients. Preliminary data regarding the patients’ demographic characteristics, diabetes history, related diseases, medication history, and general eye examination were recorded. Fundus photographs were taken after dilating eyedrops and DR was graded by an ophthalmologist. The patients were grouped into NPDR and PDR. Mean platelet component was analyzed using the automatic hematology analyzer ADVIA 120.Results: Mean platelet component (MPC) was 26.69 g/dl (± 1.79) and 25.52 g/dl (± 1.20) in the NPDR and PDR group, respectively (p = 0.002), but was not clinically significant. In depth analysis into the DR grades differed significantly between mild NPDR and high-risk PDR (p = 0.015), and moderate NPDR and high-risk PDR (p = 0.024). Using our definition of mild DR (mild and moderate NPDR) and severe DR (high-risk and advanced PDR), there was a significant difference with mean MPC of 27.01 g/dl (± 1.64) and 25.31 g/dl (± 1.22), respectively (p = 0.001). The proportion of activated platelets was also higher in severe DR. Negative correlations were found between MPC with duration of DM (r = -0.333; p = 0.004) and MPC with systolic blood pressure (r = -0.241; p = 0.043).Conclusion: There was a significant difference in MPC between NPDR and PDR, but the results should be interpreted carefully. Further analysis between the mild and severe form of DR strengthened this finding.

Early diagnosis of osteoporosis is important to take early prevention and treatment. Dual energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA) scan is gold standard diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, it is high technology and high cost. Biochemical marker using calcium could be developed for diagnosis of osteoporosis. The study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between serum calcium ions level as well as urine calcium and urine creatinine (UCa/UCr) ratio and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. This was an observational study with cross-sectional design involving women aged 45-75 years who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Bone Mineral Density was measured using DEXA method. Serum and urine calcium ions were measured using ISE method, while serum and urine creatinine were determined using Jaffe method. Ratio of UCa/UCr were then calculated. The correlation between serum calcium ions as well as the ratio UCa/UCr and BMD of subjects were then analyzed. A total 63 subjects were involved in this study consists of 21 normal subjects, 22 subjects with osteopenia and 20 subjects with osteoporosis. Negative correlation between BMD and age (r=-0.591; p=0.001) and positive correlation between BMD and body mass index (BMI) (r=0.432; p=0.001) were observed. No correlation between serum calcium ions and BMD (r= -0.145; p=0.258), however negative correlation between UCa/UCr ratio and BMD (r=-0.310; p=0.013) were reported. Furthermore, no correlation was found between serum calcium ions and lumbar BMD (r=0.036; p=0.778), while negative correlation was found between UCa/UCr ratio and lumbar BMD (r= -0.414; p=0.001). In conclusion, there is no correlation between serum calcium ions levels and BMD, however there is a weak negative correlation between UCa/UCr ratio and BMD. ABSTRAKDiagnosis dini osteoporosis penting untuk melakukan tindakan pencegahan dan pengobatan sedini mungkin. Skaning Dual-energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA) merupakan diagnosis standar emar osteoporosis. Namun demikian , metode ini perlu teknologi tinggi dan biaya mahal. Marker biokimia kalsium kemungkinan dapat dikembangkan untuk diagnosis osteoporosis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kadar ion kalsium serum dan juga rasio kalsium urin/ kreatinin urin (UCa/UCr) dan Densitas Mineral Tulang (Bone Mineral Density/BMD) pada wanita perimenopause dan post menopause. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observational dengan rancangan potong lintang yang melibatkan wanita berumur 45-75 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Ion kalsium urin dan serum ditetapkan dengan metode ISE, sedangkan kreatinin serum dan urin dengan metode Jaffe untuk menghitung rasio UCa/UCr. Hubungan antara ion kalsium serum dan juga juga rasio UCa/UCr dengan BMD selanjutnya dievaluasi. Dari total 63 subjek yang terlibat terdiri dari 21 subjek normal, 22 subjek mengalami osteopenia dan 20 subjek mengalami osteoporosis. Terdapat hubungan negatif BMD dan umur 591; 62 J Med Sci, Volume 46,No. 2, p=0,001) dan hub...

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of complications in diabetic patients manifested by microalbuminuria with minimal level of 30 mg/24 hour which is measured at least 2 times in the period of 3 to 6 months. Microalbuminuria can be measured either albumin excretion rate (AER) or albumin creatinine ratio (ACR). Measurement of ACR is an alternative parameter recommended by WHO in 2011 to diagnose diabetic nephropathy since it is more convenient, fast and not requires special preparation. The purpose of this study was to investigate accuracy of ACR to diagnose DN in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.This was a diagnostic test study involving 80 T2DM patients. In this study ACR value equal or more than 30 mg/g was independently and blindly compared with AER as the gold standard. The data were analyzed using 2x2 tables in order to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Other data were analyzed using statistic descriptive. Eighty T2DM patients consisting of 38 males and 42 females participated in this study. They had suffered from T2DM on average 9.5 years, and the average of ACR value was 55.5 mg/g. Total result of true positive and true negative was 77. Three result were false negative but none of false positive result. The ACR value equal or more than 30 mg/g had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 95.9%, 100%, 100%, and 66.7% respectively. In conclusion, the ACR value equal or more than 30 mg/g derived from morning urine sample can be used to diagnose DN in T2DM patients.

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The purpose of this research was to find out the chemical composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant activity, and sensory evaluation of gluten-free noodles made from organic red rice. The study was carried out by creating three formulations using germinated organic red rice flour, germinated Vigna radiata flour, and tapioca flour. Proximate analysis, resistant starch and dietary fibre were used to analyze the chemical composition. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds were among the bioactive compounds studied. The DPPH method was used to assess antioxidant activity. The findings revealed that all three formulations of gluten-free organic red rice noodles, formulations I, II, and III, had high fibre content, resistant starch, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity. According to sensory evaluation, gluten-free organic red rice noodles formulation I have the highest acceptance rate compared to organic red rice noodles formulations II and III. The amount of soluble dietary fibre was 0.79±0.08%, the amount of insoluble dietary fibre was 6.73±0.18%, and the amount of resistant starch was 7.56±0.02%. Total phenolics content (TPC) was 49.16±0.27%, total flavonoids content (TFC) was 53.36±0.86%, and the IC50 was 9665.84±72.39. The content of bioactive compounds and the IC50 of glutenfree organic red rice noodles have a significant and positive correlation. According to the study's findings, gluten-free organic red rice noodle formulation could be developed as a functional food high in dietary fibre, resistant starch, and antioxidants.