The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of sexism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile sexism (HS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent sexism (BS)--subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of sexism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS (an affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

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Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala verbal de fusión de identidad propuesta por , en una muestra de migrantes colombianos residentes en tres ciudades diferentes de Chile. El muestreo fue por conveniencia y se encuestaron a 959 participantes, de los cuales 49.3% fueron hombres y 50.7% mujeres, con una edad promedio de 35, 46 años (DE=10.23). Se realizaron estimaciones de fiabilidad, análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados dan evidencia de un buen ajuste de la bifactorial estructura de la escala (RMSEA=.069; CFI=.979; TLI=.960), con adecuados niveles estimados de fiabilidad (sentimientos de conexión: =.92; =.93; fuerza recíproca: =.92; =.92). Además, probamos que la escala se relaciona de manera positiva con otras dos variables identitarias: la subescala importancia de la identidad colectiva de la escala de autoestima colectiva de Luhtanen y Crocker (1992), y una escala ad-hoc construida a partir de algunos elementos de la escala de identidad étnica validada por Smith (2002) en Costa Rica. Finalmente, se concluye que las puntuaciones de la escala de fusión de identidad poseen evidencia suficiente para sustentar su uso en investigaciones sobre población migrante colombiana en Chile.Abstract The objective of the present investigation is to analyze the psychometric properties of the verbal identity fusion scale proposed by , in a sample of Colombian migrants residing in three different cities in Chile. Sampling was for convenience and 959 participants were surveyed. 49.3% were men and 50.7% were women, with an average age of 35.46 years (SD=10.23). Reliability estimates, confirmatory factor analyzes and structural equations model were made. The results give evidence of a good adjustment of the bifactorial scale structure (RMSEA=.069; CFI=.979; TLI=.960), with adequate estimated levels of reliability Fusión de identidad en migrantes: análisis psicométrico de la escala verbal

This study assessed reconciliation sentiment among former members of Colombian paramilitary and guerilla groups. A total of 103 participants who were detained in rehabilitation centers were presented with an augmented version of the Reconciliation Sentiment Questionnaire. Overall, participants considered that they had achieved some measure of reconciliation with the people they harmed. Most viewed themselves as able to control their nervousness and impulses in situations in which victims were physically present or victims were simply evoked, and most felt sure, to a reasonable extent, that victims did not intend to seek vengeance. Nevertheless, a minoritymostly former members of the guerillas and detainees who did not attend rehabilitation programs-was not sure that acts of vengeance would not be attempted. A majority of participants was, to some extent, willing to trust and cooperate with former victims and probably the society at large. Only two, however, were totally convinced that it would be possible to do so.

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This chapter examines the effects that children face in situations of armed conflict and the central role that they play in building and consolidating peace. It analyzes how the processes of forgiveness and reconciliation contribute to peacebuilding and children’s visions of these constructs. Specifically, it presents the findings of an investigation that sought to understand the conceptualizations of forgiveness and reconciliation among Colombian children as well as their role in the construction of peace in this country. As such, 63 children between 10 and 13 years old participated. One group of participants (n = 29) was composed of children who were directly affected by conflict or in situations of economic and social vulnerability, residing in one of the areas with the most people displaced by armed conflict. The other group (n = 34) was composed of children living in optimal developmental conditions who had not directly experienced any victimizing event in relation to the Colombian armed conflict. The results showed convergences and divergences regarding the conceptualizations of the two groups. Some of the main differences were in relation to their views of the negotiated exit to the Colombian armed conflict and their conceptualizations of peace. The results show that socioeconomic contexts and previous experiences in relation to armed conflict permeate the country’s vision of the future.