Melanomas show a higher level of VEGF expression. Nodular and acral lentiginous types of melanoma show a high level of VEGF expression, while superficial spreading melanoma shows a lower level of VEGF expression. Melanomas in higher-stage disease (Breslow, Clark, pTNM) show a higher level of VEGF expression.
Introduction. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated skin disease. In addition to standard therapeutic modalities (antibiotics, cytostatics, phototherapy, photochemotherapy and retinoids), nonstandard methods can be used in the treatment of psoriasis. This includes balneotherapy which is most commonly used in combination with therapeutic resources. The aim of this research was to determine the length of remission of psoriasis in patients treated with standard therapeutic modalities, balneotherapy, and combined treatment (standard therapeutic modalities and balneotherapy). Material and Methods. The study analyzed 60 adult patients, of both sexes, with different clinical forms of psoriasis, who were divided into three groups according to the applied therapeutic modalities: the first group (treated with standard therapeutic modalities), the second group (treated with balneotherapy) and the third group (treated with combined therapystandard methods therapy and balneotherapy). The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index was determined in first, third and sixth week of treatment for all patients. The following laboratory analysis were performed and monitored: C reactive protein, iron with total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity and ferritin, uric acid, rheumatoid factors and antibodies to streptolysin O in the first and sixth week of treatment. Results. The average length of remission in patients treated with standard therapeutic modalities and in those treated with balneotherapy was 1.77 ± 0.951 months and 1.79 ± 0.918 months, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the duration of remission between the patients treated with combination therapy and patients treated with standard therapeutic modalities (p=0.019) and balneotherapy (p=0.032). Conclusion. The best results have been achieved when the combination therapy was administered. SažetakUvod. Psorijaza je hronična, inflamatorna, imunoposredovana kožna bolest. Pored standardnih terapijskih modaliteta (antibiotici, citostatici, fototerapija, fotohemoterapija i retinoidi), u terapiji se primenjuju i nestandardne terapijske metode kao balneoterapija, ali najčešće kombinacija više terapijskih sredstava. Cilj rada bio je da se utvrdi dužina remisije psorijaze kod pacijenata lečenih standardnim terapijskim modalitetima, balneoterapijom i kombinovanim lečenjem (standardnim terapijskim modalitetima i balneoterapijom). Materijal i metode. Analizirano je 60 odraslih pacijenata oba pola, obolelih od različitih kliničkih oblika psorijaze, podeljenih u tri grupe prema primenjenim terapijskim modalitetima: grupa I (lečena standardnim terapijskim modalitetima), grupa II (lečena balneoterapijom) i grupa III (lečena kombinovanim terapijskim modalitetima − standardnim metodama i balneoterapijom). Svim pacijentima smo određivali indeks procene težine psorijaze u 1, 3. i 6. nedelji lečenja. Pratili smo laboratorijske analize: C-reaktivni protein, gvožđe, ukupni kapacitet vezanog gvožđa, kapacitet vezivanja nezasićenog gvožđa, fe...
Kratak sadržajUvod. Nucleus ruber zauzima centralni dio retikularne formacije srednjeg mozga, od donjeg kraja gornjih kvržica srednjeg mozga do ventralnog talamusa. Vaskularizuju ga grane P 1 i P 2 segmenta arteriae cerebri posterior, arteriae communicans posterior i arteriae choroidea anterior. Ciljevi rada su kvantitativna analiza neurona i vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a, kao i ispitivanje uticaja starenja na parametre kvantitativne analize.Metode. Deset srednjih mozgova odraslih lica oba pola je nakon fiksacije u 10% rastvoru formalina ukalupljeno u parafinu. Zbog lokalizacije magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a, uzorci srednjih mozgova su presječeni u visini sredine gornjih kvržica srednjeg mozga i idući kaudalno pravljeni su semiserijski rezovi (1,5,10...50) debljine 4 µm, koji su bojeni Mallory metodom. Pomoću digitalne kamere slikano je intermitentno svako drugo vidno polje pod uvećanjem 400x, a dobijene fotografije su analizirane pomoću programa ImageJ, uz korišćenje testnog sistema A 100. Statistička analiza je obavljena uz upotrebu programa SPSS, uz nivo značajnosti razlike od 5%.Rezultati. Prosječne vrijednosti kvantitativnih parametara neurona su iznosile: volumenska gustina 0,018 mm 0 , površinska gustina 3,56 mm -1 i apsolutni broj po vidnom polju 35,39. Prosječna volumenska gustina vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a je 0,014 mm 0 , površinska gustina 4,19 mm -1 i dužinska gustina 90,82 mm -2 . Nije postojala korelacija između godina života i određivanih kvantitativnih parametara neurona i vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a.Zaključak. Ispitivani kvantitativni parametri neurona i vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a se smanjuju sa godinama života, ali smanjenje nije statistički značajno.
Melanocytic nevi represent a benign neoplastic proliferation of melanocytes. The level of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in these proliferations is low in most cases; whereas an increased expression of this factor may be an indicator of pre-neoplastic changes in melanocyte lesions. We performed a semi-quantitative assessment of the level of vascular endothelial growth factor expression (score 0 to 3) on samples taken from 34 patients with benign melanocyte alterations of the skin. Melanocytic nevi showed an expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in 79.41% of the cases. The low level of expression (score 1) was seen in 70.59% cases. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the presence and level of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in relation to the following morphological parameters: histological type, a defect in the surface, density of inflammation infiltrate, mitotic index, growth phase and cell type.
In the semiquantitative evaluation, collagen type I expression in osteoarthritic menisci was significantly lower compared to macroscopically unchanged menisci. The decrease in the expression level correlates with the increase in the grade of macroscopic meniscal damage. There was no statistically significant difference in the quantitative evaluation of expression.
Sažetak. Neuroni ekstraokularnih motornih jedara (nucleus nervi oculomotorii principalis, nucleus nervi trochlearis et nucleus nervi abducentis) su zaobljeni multipolarni, rjeđe fuziformni ili ovalni motoneuroni, blijedog jedra i nepravilno raspoređenih Nisslovih tjelašaca. Cilj rada je da se odrede stereološki parametri neurona ekstraokularnih motornih jedara (volumenska i površinska gustina, i apsolutni broj po mm² površine). Istraživanje je obavljeno na 30 moždanih stabala čovjeka, oba pola, bez dijagnostikovanih neuroloških oboljenja, stratificiranim prikupljanjem uzoraka u transverzalnoj ravni. Semiserijski parafinski rezovi (debljine 0,3 µm) su bojeni Mallory metodom. Uz korišćenje mikroskopa na histološkim presjecima su identifikovana ekstraokularna motorna jedra i pomoću digitalne kamere slikano je intermitentno svako drugo vidno polje pod uvećanjem 400x. Dobijene slike su analizirane pomoću programa ImageJ, verzija 1.42e (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA) uz korišćenje testnog sistema A 100. Statistička analiza je obavljena uz upotrebu programa SPSS (verzija 16.0) uz nivo značajnosti razlike od 5%. Statistički značajna razlika (p<0,05) postojala je u volumenskoj i površinskoj gustini, i apsolutnom broju neurona po mm² površine između nc.nervi oculomotorii principalis i nc.nervi trochlearis. Između nc.nervi oculomotorii principalis i nc.nervi abducentis statistički značajna razlika postoji u volumenskoj gustini, dok se između nc.nervi trochlearis i nc.nervi abducentis razlika pronalazi u vrijednosti površinske gustine i apsolutnog broja neurona po mm² površine.
Sažetak. Pemfigus označava grupu organospecifičnih autoimunskih oboljenja kože koje karakteriše pojava intraepidermalne bule, nastale akantolizom na eritematoznoj ili neizmjenjenoj koži. Osim na koži, pemfigus može da počne promjenama na sluznicama u vidu bula i erozija, najčešće u usnoj duplji i može dugo ostati neprepoznat. Oboljenja koja su često pridružena pemfigusu su dijabetes melitus, arterijska hipertenzija i razlčite infekcije (bakterijske, gljivične i virusne). Takođe, ustanovljena je povezanost pemfigusa sa drugim autoimunskim oboljenjima i malignitetima. Prikazan je muškarac, star 81 godinu, koji je više puta hospitalizovan zbog brojnih žućkastozelenkastih pustula i erozija, prekrivenim žutozelenim krustama na neizmijenjenoj ili eritematoznoj koži lica, trupa i gornjih ekstremiteta. Patohistološkom analizom je utvrđena dijagnoza pustuloznog oblika pemfigusa. Nakon dvije godine bolesnik se javio sa novim promjenama u vidu dva lividna plaka na licu i leđima. Po urađenoj biopsiji postavljena je dijagnoza Mycosis fungoides. Ostaje neriješeno pitanje da li je u ovom slučaju limfom osnovna bolest, a pemfigus pridružena ili obrnuto. Ključne riječi: Pemphigus vulgaris, Mycosis fungoidesSummary. Pemphigus represents a group of ogranospecific autoimmune skin diseases characterized by incidence of intraepidermal bullae, originated by acantholysis on erythemic or unchanged skin. Except on the skin, pemphigus may commence with changes on the mucosa in the form of bulla and erosion, most often in the oral cavity, and may stay unrecognized for a long time. The diseases, often joined with pemphigus, are diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and various infections (bacterial, fungal and viral). Also, it was established the relation of pemphigus with other autoimmune diseases and malignances. It was shown the case of an 81 year old man who has been hospitalized several times, due to numerous yellowish-green pustules and erosions, covered with yellowish-green crusts on the unchanged or erythemic skin of face, upper body and upper extremities. Pathohistological analysis has established a diagnosis of pustular form of pemphigus. Two years later, the patient appeared with new changes in the form of two livid plaques on the face and on his back. Upon the performed biopsy, it was established the diagnosis of Mycosis fungoides. The question remains whether this is the case of a lymphoma as the basic disease, with joined pemphigus, or vice versa.
Introduction: With aging, populations of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system show prominent pathological changes compared to other brain regions. Previous studies on substantia nigra were performed in cases of Parkinson's disease and in old age. Aim of the Study: Since Parkinson's disease is a disorder associated with age, it is important to examine how the relationship between neurons and blood vessels is associated with normal aging. Patients and Methods: Ten brainstems were sliced into three strata. Each stratum was sliced in semiserial sections and stained by Mallory method. Studied phases were neurons and blood vessels of substantia nigra. The analysis was conducted by camera "Leica EC3" under the 40x magnification of light microscope "Leica" DM 1000, using ImageJ software (version 1.42 e). Determined morphometric parameters of neurons and blood vessels were: volume and surface density, and absolute numbers per visual field. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 16.0, using Student's t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Volume and surface density, and total number of neurons per visual field of substantia nigra significantly decreased with age, while the volume and surface density and absolute number of blood vessels per visual field significantly increased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Decrease in size and number of neurons occurs with aging, which is compensated by the increase of vascular network. This affects the supply of nutrients from the blood to neurons, as well as the availability of blood cells or toxic substances, but also the susceptibility to neuronal diseases.
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