Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, has shown potential anticancerous activity against majority of solid tumors especially on patients with colon cancer. However, associations of serious side effects limit the usage of celecoxib in colon cancer treatment. To address this issue and provide an alternative strategy to increase the efficacy of celecoxib, liposomal formulation of celecoxib was prepared and characterized. Anticancer activity of liposomal celecoxib on colon cancer cell HCT 15 was evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, tumor inhibition efficiency by liposomal celecoxib was studied on 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumor in rat model. In order to elucidate the antioxidant activity of celecoxib-loaded liposomes, antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) generation and lipid peroxide (LPx) formation in both liver and kidney tissues were examined. Characterization of the formed unilamellar liposomes revealed the formation of homogeneous suspension of neutral (empty) or anionic (celecoxib-loaded) liposomes with a well-defined spherical shape which have a mean size of 103.5 nm (empty liposome) and 169 nm (liposomal celecoxib). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and hemolytic assay demonstrated 46% of celecoxib entrapment efficiency and significantly low hemolysis, respectively. Liposomal celecoxib exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity against HCT 15 cells which are comparable to free celecoxib. In vivo study demonstrated inhibition of tumor growth. Biochemical analysis of the liposomal celecoxib-treated group significantly inhibited the LPx formation (oxygen-free radicals) and increased the activity of SOD. Our results present the potential of inhibiting colon cancer in vitro and DMBA-induced tumor in rat model in vivo by liposomal celecoxib.

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In recent decades, the major concern of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases has become an increasingly important area of public health concern, and it is of significance to anticipate future pandemic that would inevitably threaten human lives. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged virus that causes mild to severe pneumonia. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) became a very much concerned issue worldwide after its super-spread across the globe and emerging viral diseases have not got specific and reliable diagnostic and treatments. As the COVID-19 pandemic brings about a massive life-loss across the globe, there is an unmet need to discover a promising and typically effective diagnosis and treatment to prevent super-spreading and mortality from being decreased or even eliminated. This study was carried out to overview nanotechnology-based diagnostic and treatment approaches for emerging and re-emerging viruses with the current treatment of the disease and shed light on nanotechnology's remarkable potential to provide more effective treatment and prevention to a special focus on recently emerged coronavirus.

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Background The aim of this meta‐analysis was to determine the association of common type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) gene variants (protein tyrosine phosphatase non‐receptor 22 [PTPN22] rs2476601C/T, insulin [INS] rs689A/T and transcription factor 7‐like 2 [TCF7L2] rs7903146C/T) with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Methods A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted up to 2017 and data from 16 independent case‐control studies for three gene variants were pooled. The pooled allele and genotype frequencies for each T1D and T2D gene variant were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the association. Heterogeneity tests and evaluation of publication bias were performed for all studies. Results In all, 8869 cases and 20 829 controls pooled from 16 case‐control studies were included in the analysis. For rs2476601, a significant association was found for homozygote TT (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.92‐3.70; P < 0.0001), heterozygote CT (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.44‐1.79; P < 0.0001), and the T allele (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.48‐1.78; P < 0.0001). Overall, a significant inverse association was observed for rs689 in the TT genotype (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.30‐0.64; P < 0.0001), AT genotype (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.45‐0.62; P < 0.0001), and T allele (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.52‐0.71; P < 0.0001). For the rs7903146 polymorphism, the T allele (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.00‐1.40; P = 0.04) may be associated with the risk of LADA. Conclusion The rs2476601C/T, rs689A/T, and rs7903146C/T polymorphisms were found to be associated with the risk of LADA, thereby indicating that, genetically, LADA could be an admixture of both T1D and T2D.