Nanotechnology-based approaches for emerging and re-emerging viruses: Special emphasis on COVID-19

Abstract

In recent decades, the major concern of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases has become an increasingly important area of public health concern, and it is of significance to anticipate future pandemic that would inevitably threaten human lives. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged virus that causes mild to severe pneumonia. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) became a very much concerned issue worldwide after its super-spread across the globe and emerging viral diseases have not got specific and reliable diagnostic and treatments. As the COVID-19 pandemic brings about a massive life-loss across the globe, there is an unmet need to discover a promising and typically effective diagnosis and treatment to prevent super-spreading and mortality from being decreased or even eliminated. This study was carried out to overview nanotechnology-based diagnostic and treatment approaches for emerging and re-emerging viruses with the current treatment of the disease and shed light on nanotechnology's remarkable potential to provide more effective treatment and prevention to a special focus on recently emerged coronavirus.

SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant: A next phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic and a call to arms for system sciences and precision medicine

“…Nanotechnology is an incredible support for optimizing treatments to increase developed vaccines or therapies. 23 , 24 As SARS‐CoV‐2 viral pathogenesis affects various organs of the human system, investigating the therapeutics that can tackle SAR‐CoV‐2, infection‐associated side‐effects, and support the postinfection recovery of a patient is an urgent need. To achieve this, there is an unmet need to investigate novel pharmacological relevant therapeutic cargo involving every aspect of nanomedicine.…”

“…In this direction, such engineered vaccines can be delivered at a target site using nanomedicine approaches. 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 Nanomedicine can also be engineered to manage Omicron along with postinfection consequences with the help of another therapeutic agent, and a nutraceutical can be a good choice in these circumstances. A nanomedicine formulated by an engineered vaccine (to tackle virus) and nutraceuticals (to support postinfection via supporting immune systems) can be optimized as precision medicine.…”

“…As a result, the hospitalization and COVID‐19 infection were reduced drastically because these developed therapies efficiently recognize and eradicate SARS‐CoV‐2. Nanotechnology is an incredible support for optimizing treatments to increase developed vaccines or therapies 23,24 . As SARS‐CoV‐2 viral pathogenesis affects various organs of the human system, investigating the therapeutics that can tackle SAR‐CoV‐2, infection‐associated side‐effects, and support the postinfection recovery of a patient is an urgent need.…”

Antineoplastic activity of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles to combat leukemia: Beginning a new era in cancer theragnostic

“…Specifically, green nanotechnology refers to the formation of NPs from various sources of organisms, including algae, yeast, plants, bacteria, fungi, and viruses ( Fig. 2 ) [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] . In contrast with traditional physical and chemical synthesis methods, green synthesis does not produce toxic byproducts, and it doesn't need specialized equipment and materials, thus providing an eco-friendly method with increasing the overall scalability of the process.…”

Could Nanotechnology Help to End the Fight Against COVID-19? Review of Current Findings, Challenges and Future Perspectives

“…As the pandemic continues to cause an enormous global crisis, there is still an unmet need to discern a favorable, safe, and typically effective approach for diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and prevention to prohibit super-spreading of the virus and a mortality crisis. 49 Diverse nanotechnological strategies have shown a promising capacity to address many of those unmet needs in the fight against the pandemic as stated in the next sections.…”