Could Nanotechnology Help to End the Fight Against COVID-19? Review of Current Findings, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Abstract

A serious viral infectious disease was introduced to the globe by the end of 2019 that was seen primarily from China, but spread worldwide in a few months to be a pandemic. Since then, accurate prevention, early detection, and effective treatment strategies are not yet outlined. There is no approved drug to counter its worldwide transmission. However, integration of nanostructured delivery systems with the current management strategies has promised a pronounced opportunity to tackle the pandemic. This review addressed the various promising nanotechnology-based approaches for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the pandemic. The pharmaceutical, pharmacoeconomic, and regulatory aspects of these systems with currently achieved or predicted beneficial outcomes, challenges, and future perspectives are also highlighted.

Tangled quest of post-COVID-19 infection-caused neuropathology and what 3P nano-bio-medicine can solve?

“…Anti-viral-drug-loaded exosomes as nano-bio-materials can cross the BBB to modulate neuro-affection, modulate immunity, enhance neural regeneration, and deliver treatment post-CoV-2 neuropathies [ 125 ]. Moreover, cytokine receptor–loaded exosomes deliver cytokine receptors as an immune-modulatory approach to neutralize or remove pro-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines [ 126 ], so compact CSS.…”

Synergistic Action of Immunotherapy and Nanotherapy against Cancer Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the Use of Artificial Intelligence

“…The disadvantages of the traditional-based vaccines involves the short half-life and absorption rate, less stability in blood, poor immune response, side effects due to high dosage, non-specific and require large storage conditions. On the other hand, nano-based vaccines have adjustable size and surface properties, active immune stimulation benefits, good humoral as well as cellular responses, targets at multiple areas and have less severe side effects [ 93 ].…”

“…The use of nano-materials as the vaccine adjuvants can enhance the potency of vaccine due to lower toxicity, active target sites, high surface area and low antibody titre value [ 93 , 94 ]. Vaccine adjuvants-based nanoparticles are designed to boost its safety and potency inside the immune microenvironment [ 86 , 95 ].…”

Forecasting the Post-Pandemic Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Using the Bullwhip Phenomenon Alongside Use of Nanosensors for Disease Containment and Cure

“…Carbon-based, ceramic, metal, and semiconductor nanoparticles are a few of the examples illustrated in Figure 1 . Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [ 11 , 12 ] and crystalline solids are the two major materials used in carbon-based nanoparticles . CNTs are just graphene sheets [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] folded into tubes.…”

“…This comprehensive review article puts emphasis on the most recent developments in nanotechnology-based sensors, focusing on the synergy between the virus detection (offered by the nano-sensing mechanism and assay techniques) [ 20 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], diagnosis (using nanostructured drugs and nanomedicine) [ 15 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], and prevention (design of face masks, gloves, and personal protective equipment) [ 49 ], thus offering a holistic survey, concerning their usability and performance, in contrast to previous review papers [ 18 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ], which only discussed parts of them. The embedment of nanotechnology for the prevention, diagnosis, and detection, in order to battle novel COVID-19, concerning the point of care (POC), was briefly discussed and concluded in [ 11 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. For instance, an electro-chemical nanomaterial-based sensor was put forward, showing an improvement in testing accuracy of about 99.1% [ 64 ].…”