Glycerol or glycerin is generally recognized as a safe compound to be used in animal feed, especially for ruminants. A number of in vitro studies related to glycerol supplementation in ruminant ration have been published but to date the results have not been summarized. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in vitro digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics, total gas and methane production through the meta-analysis approach. Meta-analysis was applied to 13 experiments and 42 treatments dealing with glycerol supplementation in ruminants. Data were analyzed by general linear model procedure in which the glycerol levels and the different studies were treated as fixed effects. Results revealed that glycerol supplementation did not affect the in vitro digestibility and total VFA production, but significantly decreased molar proportion of acetate and iso-valerate (P<0.05). In contrast, molar proportion of propionate, butyrate, and valerate significantly increased, and thus the ratio of acetate to propionate declined linearly (P<0.05). Methane production decreased linearly and accompanied with an increase of total gas production with increasing levels of glycerol supplementation (P<0.05). It is concluded that the use of glycerol as an energy substitution in animal feed has no detrimental effects in the rumen and environmentally friendly.
We evaluated the precision and accuracy of equations from the Australian Ruminant Feeding Standards (ARFS) and the Large Ruminant Nutrition System (LRNS) in predicting the performance of Ongole (Bos indicus) cattle under Indonesian conditions. A database was constructed using information from 121 cattle in five different pen-feeding experiments. Cattle included mature cows and growing bulls, and they were fed a range of diets commonly used by Indonesian farmers. We compared observed and predicted dry matter intake and daily liveweight gain. Model predictions were evaluated for precision and accuracy using mean bias, mean square prediction error and regression of observed against predicted values. Across all experiments, the LRNS provided the better estimates of intake and growth. While both models included animal age, sex, weight and body condition score, the LRNS provided better estimates of metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance of liveweight, feed quality and efficiency of energy utilisation. The LRNS model also better accounted for environmental conditions by including correction factors for minimum night temperature and relative humidity, in addition to average daily temperatures. Based on our results, the LRNS model appears suitable for use in Indonesian beef-production systems.
Improving the productivity and profitability of smallholder cattle enterprises in Indonesia requires greater and more efficient utilisation of underutilised feed resources such as rice straw. The experiment tested the hypothesis that an Ongole cow with low energy requirements can maintain weight (W) on a rice straw-based diet with the addition of a small amount of tree legumes. Thirty-two Ongole cross (Bos indicus) cows were allocated to one of four treatments in a randomised block design with eight cows per treatment. Cows were offered untreated rice straw ad libitum with four levels of tree legumes (0, 11, 21, and 42 g DM/kg W0.75.day) for 20 weeks. Feed intake was determined daily and liveweight was measured every second week. There was no difference in total feed intake between the treatment groups (P > 0.05). Intake of tree legumes was higher when more was offered (P < 0.05), but cows did not consume all of the legumes offered to them. The inclusion of tree legumes in the diet had no effect on organic matter digestibility, ME content of the diet, liveweight gain or estimated energy balance of the cows (P > 0.05). Rice straw alone contained insufficient ME and rumen-degradable N to meet the maintenance requirements of the cows. From the regression relating liveweight change and ME intake for all cows across all diets, the inclusion of tree legumes in the diet at ~12 g DM/kg W0.75.day or 2.8 g DM/kg W.day was enough to meet the energy requirements for maintenance of Ongole cows fed rice straw ad libitum.
The effects of glycerol and chestnut tannin addition on non-ensiled and ensiled cassava leaves which were then incubated in an in vitro rumen system were investigated to evaluate the ensiling characteristics and fermentation profiles, respectively. Both non-ensiled and ensiled cassava leaves were prepared using laboratory-scale minisilos with 4 different treatment types of additives. The treatments were Control (cassava leaves without additive [S0]), Cassava leaves + 3% dry matter (DM) of glycerol (SG), Cassava leaves + 3% DM chestnut tannin (ST), and Cassava leaves + 3% DM glycerol + 3% DM chestnut tannin (SGT). The cassava leaves silage recorded with high concentration of lactic acid, negligible amount of butyric acid, and low concentration of ammonia-N, demonstrates a well-preserved silage quality after 4 weeks fermentation. The in vitro total gas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration did not differ between the treatment groups, but the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) increased after the ensiling process. The addition of glycerol alone or in combination with chestnut tannin showed propiogenic property in the non-ensiled cassava leaves. Chestnut tannin, when added singly or in combination with glycerol, reduced the ammonia-N and iso-VFA concentration in the ensiled cassava leaves. Furthermore, the addition of glycerol and/or chestnut tannin improved some of the silage quality and showed no detrimental effects on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles.
The objectives of this study were to determine the range of nutrient content of fishmeal circulating in Jember Regency, East Java, and to make a calibration standard for quick calculation using NIRS by R2 and RMSECV. This study used 11 fishmeal samples from around Puger, Jember and around Muncar, Banyuwangi. The physical examination included organoleptic tests (color, odor, and texture), density, and chemical analysis of fishmeal samples. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results indicated that the nutrient content of fishmeal had greatly variation. The CP content presented a quite high ranged between 26.61% to 64.30%. The result of organoleptic test showed the color was yellowish brown, brown, slightly brown to dark brown. The odor was generally standard, which was fishy. Some fishmeal samples were moist in texture, such as fishmeal samples from Jember A (22.03%) and Muncar Banyuwangi B (19.65%). The average of fishmeal density was 0.528 g/ml that ranged between 0.341-0.726 g/ml. The measurement of R2 and RMSECV calibration of fishmeal using NIRS showed good results to predict CF, DM, and EE contents. The usage of NIRS technology was recommended for proximate analysis unless ash content due to the absence of spectrum absorption for minerals.
Stunting is a condition when toddler have less height compared to age, caused by poor nutrition. Probolinggo is one of area which produces moringa leaves, one of good local food ingredients for supplementary food, could be modified with chicken nugget. The research aimed to compare nutrient levels in chicken nugget as supplementary foods which modified with and without moringa leaves. Data were collected by proximate test in August 2020. The results showed nutrient levels of chicken nugget without moringa leaves had 19.2% crude protein, 2.8% crude fat, and 1.7% crude fiber. Meanwhile, nutrient levels of chicken nugget with 50 g moringa leaves (20% of chicken meat) had 18.4% crude protein, 2.8% crude fat, and 3.4% crude fiber. Based on result, it could be concluded that there is no significant difference of nutrition levels (crude protein and crude fat) between two samples, but the chicken nugget with moringa leaves has higher crude fiber than chicken nugget without moringa leaves. Thus, the chicken nugget with moringa leaves could be used as supplementary food for toddler with high crude protein and crude fiber.
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