BACKGROUND:Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known as an enzyme which is responsible for the metabolism of chemical compounds.AIM:This study aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine metabolism rates and lung cancer incidence among smokers of Batak ethnic group in Indonesia.METHODS:This study was a case-control study involving 140 research subjects through a purposive sampling technique from three hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. An examination of nicotine metabolism rates was conducted for all subjects using the 3HC/cotinine ratio parameter with LC-MS/MS technique. The examination of the CYP2A6 gene was performed with PCR-RFLP. Data were analysed with Conditional Logistic Regression test using Epi Info 7.0 software.RESULTS:The allele frequencies of CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B, and CYP2A6*4A found were 44.3%, 48.9%, and 6.8%, respectively. The *1B allele showed the highest metabolism rate. It is found that slow metabolizer individuals were 5.49 times more likely to develop lung cancer (P = 0.01, 95%CI 1.2-24.8).CONCLUSION:Among the Bataknese smokers studied, the CYP2A6*1B allele was found to be the most common allele and showed the highest rate of nicotine metabolism. However, the results show the insignificant relationship among CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism, nicotine metabolism, and lung cancer incidence.
AIM:This research aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine dependence and its relation to the number of cigarette consumption among Bataknese smokers.METHOD:This study was a cross-sectional study involving 140 research subjects in Medan, Indonesia.RESULTS:Nicotine dependence rates were found to be significantly associated with the number of cigarette consumption expressed in the Brinkman Index.CONCLUSION:The *1A wild-type alleles have a greater risk of high-very high dependence rate compared to the other variants.
BACKGROUND: Indonesia is the country with the second highest number of tuberculosis in the world. Patient compliance with tuberculosis treatment is still very low. Thus the success rate of treatment is also unsatisfactory. Concordance behaviour is a model of the doctor-patient relationship that combines aspects of the partnership, sharing decision making and trust. It is considered better than adherence to improve compliance and quality of life in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
AIM: This study aims to assess the relationship between concordance and the level of adherence to pulmonary tuberculosis treatment along with the quality of life in Medan.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 259 tuberculosis patients from several clinics and hospitals in Medan from 2015 to 2017, by asking patients to fill out questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability first. The concordance behaviour questionnaire contains 56 questions covering aspects of knowledge, partnership, sharing decision making, trust, and support. While compliance was measured by 14 questions covering attitude and behaviour. Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-Square test in SPSS v20.
RESULTS: This study shows that most TB patients (75.7%) have a good concordance, in which the aspect of knowledge, partnership, sharing and support were all good. However, the component of trust in the most patient (75.7%) was still low. Based on the level of compliance, 84.2% of patients had good compliance. However, the level of behaviour in 55.2% of patients was still low. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between concordance and compliance (p = 0.009), in which patient with good concordance had 2.6 higher probability for good compliance. However, there was no significant association between concordance and quality of life (p = 0.63).
CONCLUSION: Concordance behaviour is a good concept to be applied to improve treatment compliance of pulmonary TB patients.
Asthma problems are often linked to treatment management factors which include the non-maximal behavior of the patients and doctors. The adherence concept emphasizes a strong commitment between physicians and patients to achieve maximum behavior towards the treatment. This study aimed to construct a model of adherence to treatment of patients with asthma and also aimed to set a valid and reliable adherence measurement tool that might be applied to patients with asthma, particularly those who live in Medan-Indonesia.The study was quantitative research employed a cross sectional approach. The samples were 200 adult patients with asthma who receive standard asthma medications, patients with the stable condition and do not suffer from severe asthma or other comorbidities. The study performed a consecutive sampling of the technique which was obtained from physician's data (general/lung specialist). Data were analyzed by performing confirmatory analysis through Structural Equation Modelling analysis. The study produced a measurement model of asthma patients' adherence to the treatment among those who live in Medan. The study found that the asthma patients who live in Medan have good psychometric value (valid, reliable and fit to model): adherence I (beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes), adherence II (doctor-patient communication, actions, family support).
Menerapkan protokol kesehatan secara terus menerus selama masa pandemi COVID-19 merupakan langkah paling efektif untuk pencegahan dan pengendalian COVID-19, yang meliputi (3M) cuci tangan pakai sabun secara teratur dengan air mengalir, selalu memakai masker saat keluar rumah, dan menjaga kebersihan. jarak dalam melakukan berbagai aktivitas. Minimarket salah satunya merupakan tempat berjualan kebutuhan sehari-hari yang memungkinkan terciptanya keramaian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui gambaran upaya pencegahan Covid-19 di minimarket Desa Gedung Johor Kecamatan Medan Johor. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasional - deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional. Dari 10 minimarket, 1 minimarket wajib pakai masker (10%), 6 minimarket menyediakan fasilitas cuci tangan dan hand sanitizer (60%), 10 minimarket tidak mengukur suhu 10 minimarket tidak mematuhi aturan social distancing,10 minimarket tidak menempatkan pembatasan saat berbelanja, 3 minimarket menyediakan poster protokol kesehatan bagi pengunjung. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa mayoritas protokol dan fasilitas kesehatan tersedia di semua minimarket. Namun dalam hal penerapan protokol kesehatan, masih banyak yang belum menerapkannya.
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