BACKGROUND:Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known as an enzyme which is responsible for the metabolism of chemical compounds.AIM:This study aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine metabolism rates and lung cancer incidence among smokers of Batak ethnic group in Indonesia.METHODS:This study was a case-control study involving 140 research subjects through a purposive sampling technique from three hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. An examination of nicotine metabolism rates was conducted for all subjects using the 3HC/cotinine ratio parameter with LC-MS/MS technique. The examination of the CYP2A6 gene was performed with PCR-RFLP. Data were analysed with Conditional Logistic Regression test using Epi Info 7.0 software.RESULTS:The allele frequencies of CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B, and CYP2A6*4A found were 44.3%, 48.9%, and 6.8%, respectively. The *1B allele showed the highest metabolism rate. It is found that slow metabolizer individuals were 5.49 times more likely to develop lung cancer (P = 0.01, 95%CI 1.2-24.8).CONCLUSION:Among the Bataknese smokers studied, the CYP2A6*1B allele was found to be the most common allele and showed the highest rate of nicotine metabolism. However, the results show the insignificant relationship among CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism, nicotine metabolism, and lung cancer incidence.
AIM:This research aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine dependence and its relation to the number of cigarette consumption among Bataknese smokers.METHOD:This study was a cross-sectional study involving 140 research subjects in Medan, Indonesia.RESULTS:Nicotine dependence rates were found to be significantly associated with the number of cigarette consumption expressed in the Brinkman Index.CONCLUSION:The *1A wild-type alleles have a greater risk of high-very high dependence rate compared to the other variants.
BACKGROUND: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a role in immune response against tuberculosis (TB) infection. Polymorphism in TNF-α gene may be associated with susceptibility to pulmonary TB (PTB).
AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether TNF-α-308G/A gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to PTB in Medan city, Indonesia.
METHODS: This is a case–control study with 100 PTB patients and 100 healthy control. TNF-α polymorphism genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction fragment length polymorphism method.
RESULTS: There were 200 participants enrolled in this study. Most of the participants were male and were in the age range of 20–39 years. Genotyping examination revealed that in the TB group, AG and GG genotype was found in 80 people (80%) and 20 people (20%), respectively. There were no TB patients with AA genotypes. Whereas, in the control group, subjects with AA, AG, and GG genotypes were 2 (2%), 47 (47%), and 51 (51%), respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between TNF-α-308 G/A polymorphism and PTB, in which individuals with AG genotypes were 4.3 times more likely to suffer PTB compared to GG genotype (p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.31–8.15). Further analysis showed that A allele increased the risk of TB incidence by 1.94-fold compared to the G allele (p = 0.002, 95% CI 1.27–2.98).
CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant relationship between TNFα-308 G/A gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to PTB and A allele increases the risk of pulmonary TB compared to G allele.
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