BACKGROUND:Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known as an enzyme which is responsible for the metabolism of chemical compounds.AIM:This study aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine metabolism rates and lung cancer incidence among smokers of Batak ethnic group in Indonesia.METHODS:This study was a case-control study involving 140 research subjects through a purposive sampling technique from three hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. An examination of nicotine metabolism rates was conducted for all subjects using the 3HC/cotinine ratio parameter with LC-MS/MS technique. The examination of the CYP2A6 gene was performed with PCR-RFLP. Data were analysed with Conditional Logistic Regression test using Epi Info 7.0 software.RESULTS:The allele frequencies of CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B, and CYP2A6*4A found were 44.3%, 48.9%, and 6.8%, respectively. The *1B allele showed the highest metabolism rate. It is found that slow metabolizer individuals were 5.49 times more likely to develop lung cancer (P = 0.01, 95%CI 1.2-24.8).CONCLUSION:Among the Bataknese smokers studied, the CYP2A6*1B allele was found to be the most common allele and showed the highest rate of nicotine metabolism. However, the results show the insignificant relationship among CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism, nicotine metabolism, and lung cancer incidence.
AIM:This research aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine dependence and its relation to the number of cigarette consumption among Bataknese smokers.METHOD:This study was a cross-sectional study involving 140 research subjects in Medan, Indonesia.RESULTS:Nicotine dependence rates were found to be significantly associated with the number of cigarette consumption expressed in the Brinkman Index.CONCLUSION:The *1A wild-type alleles have a greater risk of high-very high dependence rate compared to the other variants.
BACKGROUND: Interleukin (IL)-31 serum levels were significantly higher in hemodialysis patients with pruritus, whereas acupuncture in LI11 was shown to improve symptoms of pruritus. However, there is limited information that IL-31 serum levels that correlate with decreased dimensions of the pruritus after acupuncture in LI11 in a hemodialysis patient.
AIM: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the impact of acupuncture in LI11 and IL-31 serum level and its correlation with dimensions of the pruritus in hemodialysis patients.
METHODS: A randomized clinical trial has been carried out from August 2019 to December 2019 at H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. Sixty patients underwent hemodialysis who were randomly allocated to two groups, one group got acupuncture in Quchi LI11 (intervention group), and the other group got a placebo (control group). IL-31 serum levels and pruritus were measured before and after 6 weeks of acupuncture in both groups.
RESULTS: Acupuncture did not significantly reduce IL-31 (p = 0.931) and decreased dimensions: Degree, duration, disability, and distribution of the pruritus between the intervention group and the control group after 6 weeks of acupuncture in LI11. It can be shown that there is no significant correlation between IL-31 serum levels and dimensions of the pruritus.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the effect of acupuncture on reducing dimensions of the pruritus not related to IL-31 serum levels. Identifying the action mechanism of acupuncture to minimize pruritus considerably enhances knowledge of the impacts of acupuncture on reducing pruritus in hemodialysis patients.
BACKGROUND: The rate of nicotine metabolism described the presence of nicotine metabolites, which are the negative impact of cigarette smoke. CYP2A13 is one of the main enzymes responsible for nicotine metabolism and xenobiotic activity in tobacco smoking-related lung cancer.AIM: This study aims to analyze the correlation between CYP2A13 and nicotine metabolism in male smokers in Indonesia.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling to 100 male smokers aged between 20 and 65 years old meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. The CYP2A13 polymorphism was examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) PCR through venous blood extraction. The levels of nicotine metabolites in the urine samples were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The associations between nicotine metabolism and genetic polymorphism of the CYP2A13 gene in male smokers in Indonesia was determined by logistics regression test using Epi Info-7 software.RESULTS: There were 100 participants involved in this study, in which 78 subjects were with the first stage of CYP2A13 polymorphism. There was no significant correlation between CYP2A13 genotype and nicotine metabolism (p value > 0.05). The CC genotype was more frequently found in the population in this study. Most research subjects had rapid metabolizers.CONCLUSION: There is no significant relationship between CYP2A13 polymorphism and nicotine metabolism in male smokers in Indonesia. Therefore, it is important to carry out further studies to investigate genetic polymorphisms and nicotine metabolism in different population.
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