Relevance: Over the past decades, lung cancer (LC) incidence worldwide is adding about 1.5% each year. The risk of LC
development increases 4-5 times with age. The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) in LC is the most unfavorable – up to 95.6%
of patients die.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiological situation with lung cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan
over the past five years, with the assessment of key epidemiological indicators by gender.
Results: In the previous five years (2014-2018), the men to women ratio among LC patients was equal to 4.2:1 and remained
stable. A gradual decline in mortality (16‰ in 2014 to 12.9‰ in 2018) correlated with the MIR dynamic pattern (67.5% in
2014 to 60.0% in 2018). The standardized LC incidence in men was declining steadily (46.8‰ in 2014 to 43.0‰ in 2018). A
more evident decrease in male mortality from LC (32.0‰ in 2014 to 24.2‰ in 2018) was due to the progress recently achieved
in LC diagnostics and treatment in the Republic of Kazakhstan. On the contrary, the LC incidence in women increased by 2.6% a
year (7.6‰ in 2014 to 7.8‰ in 2018). The female mortality from LC was declining steadily (4.6‰ in 2014 to 3.5‰ in 2018),
with a negative growth rate of minus 31.4%.
Conclusion: The analysis of epidemiologic indicators for LC in the Republic of Kazakhstan showed a general downward
trend in incidence and mortality regardless of gender. However, we can expect an increase in the female incidence of LC in sync
with the global trend. The study period has witnessed the improvement in both the primary diagnostics (due to the renewal of
diagnostic equipment in the country) and treatment of LC (through the introduction in the Republic of methods of molecular
genetic studies which are the basis for the state-financed personalized drug therapy with targeted agents).
The majority of patients remain with an unidentified diagnosis, which is not detailed at the ultrastructural level, resulting in inadequate treatment and, as a consequence, low efficacy of pharmacotherapy and high mortality in this group of patients.
Relevance: Breast cancer is one of the most common
malignancies with a high mortality rate all over the world,
including Kazakhstan. Despite modern advanced diagnosis and treatment methods, breast cancer remains one of the top three «killer cancers.» Treatment with immunoglobulins and modern targeted chemotherapy agents is efficient but does not reduce the breast cancer incidence.
High treatment cost, antitumor drug resistance occurring
during therapy, and significant side effects of chemotherapy urge the importance of prophylactic actions able to prevent the tumor disease.
Purpose: To review the Vitamin D3 role and potential
in breast cancer prevention.
Results: The analysis of the literature reviews and
original articles accessing the Vitamin D3 role in breast
cancer pathogenesis and the study of the main antitumor
mechanisms of Vitamin D3 action emphasize the need
for large randomized prospective studies to determine
the actual Vitamin D3 role in breast cancer pathogenesis
and its possible inclusion in antitumor therapy regimens.
Conclusion: The results obtained evidence the Vitamin D3 adjuvant potential in breast cancer treatment
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