Emergence as a little discussed bioecological phenomenon in infectious pathology, the most important in the current period, its actual significance, nature, causes in general terms and in relation to the situation in the Russian Federation is considered. In this context, the main provisions, problems and non-trivial phenomena in the epizootology of emergent infections, economically and socially important for the country, are presented - African swine fever, rabies, foot and mouth disease, avian flu, nodular dermatitis and anthrax. Most emergent infections of domestic animals and humans are of zoogenic origin. These are mainly (more than 70%) diseases of the wild animals - ungulates, carnivores, primates, rodents, birds, bats, representatives of other mammals and non-mammal groups, the causative agents of which come from natural zoonotic pools. It is obvious that the achievements of human civilization over the past decades are the driving forces for the emergence and spread of emergent diseases although indirect, but decisive. The most demonstrative evidence of this conclusion is an infection associated with bats. The movement of people, tourism and trade, hydropower, agrarian expansion, deforestation, amelioration, unrestrained humanization and urbanization of territories, with unpredictable consequences, perturb the prevailing relations between representatives of the animal world and the environment. One of the subjective elements of the phenomenon is the large-scale traffic of wild animals from biological invasions, artificial introduction into new territories and trade in living goods. At the same time, the emerging problems of protecting animals and humans from new highly dangerous, transboundary and other infections are difficult to solve from a social and mental point of view - they compromise the overall socio-economic, scientific and technological progress, focusing on its negative aspects and internal conflict with at least the well-being and consistency of the environment.
This article surveys findings of the long-term investigations into the virology and immunology of African swine fever (ASF) conducted at the All-Russian Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology under the scientific supervision of the authors. Based on the scientific data obtained, 14 postulates of the ASF immunological conception were formulated.
Relevance: Over the past decades, lung cancer (LC) incidence worldwide is adding about 1.5% each year. The risk of LC development increases 4-5 times with age. The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) in LC is the most unfavorable – up to 95.6% of patients die. The purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiological situation with lung cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past five years, with the assessment of key epidemiological indicators by gender. Results: In the previous five years (2014-2018), the men to women ratio among LC patients was equal to 4.2:1 and remained stable. A gradual decline in mortality (16‰ in 2014 to 12.9‰ in 2018) correlated with the MIR dynamic pattern (67.5% in 2014 to 60.0% in 2018). The standardized LC incidence in men was declining steadily (46.8‰ in 2014 to 43.0‰ in 2018). A more evident decrease in male mortality from LC (32.0‰ in 2014 to 24.2‰ in 2018) was due to the progress recently achieved in LC diagnostics and treatment in the Republic of Kazakhstan. On the contrary, the LC incidence in women increased by 2.6% a year (7.6‰ in 2014 to 7.8‰ in 2018). The female mortality from LC was declining steadily (4.6‰ in 2014 to 3.5‰ in 2018), with a negative growth rate of minus 31.4%. Conclusion: The analysis of epidemiologic indicators for LC in the Republic of Kazakhstan showed a general downward trend in incidence and mortality regardless of gender. However, we can expect an increase in the female incidence of LC in sync with the global trend. The study period has witnessed the improvement in both the primary diagnostics (due to the renewal of diagnostic equipment in the country) and treatment of LC (through the introduction in the Republic of methods of molecular genetic studies which are the basis for the state-financed personalized drug therapy with targeted agents).
The paper deals with the assessment of the implied associations between the epizootic and epidemic components of the veterinary anthrax epidemiology of animals and humans, as well as with the epidemic risk factors. Analysis of the statistical data for 2007–2017, available in ProMED international database, demonstrated that African, Asian and Near Eastern regions are permanently infected with human anthrax at the incidence rate of 1.0. The disease is very rarely reported in Europe, and it is exotic in the USA and South America. During the study period, the overall incidence amounted to over 3,700 humans: at an average of 340 humans annually ranging from min 81 to max 856. Total mortality amounted to 234 humans with average annual mortality of 21 humans ranging from min 6 to max 58, average annual lethality (patients’ mortality %) – 9.8 ranging from min 3.3 to max 39.5. For the assessment of the genuine interrelation of the incidence in humans and mortality in animals, we compared the statistic samples of the annual infection incidence in a number of the most epidemically and epizootically affected African, Asian and Near Eastern countries as the basic features of the epidemic and epizootic components of the veterinary anthrax epidemiology. The analysis demonstrated no statistical relation between the reported disease incidence in animals and humans. Substantial share of the disease incidence in humans is accounted for unidentifed sources of the infection. Consumption of infected products from domestic (up to 70%) and wild animals prevails among the trivial risk factors of zoonogenous infection in humans, while consumption of meat from domestic animals and contacts with diseased animals prevail among the lethality risk factors. The obtained results are indicative of multiple unidentifed aspects of veterinary anthrax epidemiology.
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