Upon phylogenetic analysis of a partial S gene sequence [396 nucleotides (nt)], 928 hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains obtained from 899 viremic subjects in 28 major cities on 15 islands of Indonesia in 1989-2007 segregated into four HBV genotypes. Genotype B was predominant (66%), followed by genotype C (26%), genotype D (7%), and genotype A (0.8%). Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the 396-nt S gene sequence of 928 HBV isolates and whole genomic sequences of 25 selected HBV isolates revealed a total of 14 subgenotypes within genotypes A-D: two (A1 and A2) in genotype A (HBV/A), five (B2, B3, B5, B7, and a novel subgenotype, tentatively designated B8) in HBV/B, five (C1, C2, C5, C6, and another novel subgenotype, C7) in HBV/C, and two (D1 and D3) in HBV/D. The distribution of HBV genotypes/subgenotypes, including B8 and C7, seems to be associated with ethnological origins in Indonesia.

No abstract

Two novel subgenotypes (C6 and D6) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were identified recently in Papua, a multiethnic area of Indonesia. To characterize further the HBV strains in Papua, serum samples collected from 59 viremic subjects (44 males and 15 females; mean age: 30.0 ± 15.5 years) among indigenous inhabitants in Papua, were subjected to phylogenetic analysis of an 1.6-kb partial sequence. Forty-five samples (76%) had genotype C HBV (HBV/C) [C5 (n = 1), C6 (n = 40), and unclassifiable (n = 4)], while seven samples (12%) were HBV/D [D1 (n = 1) and D6 (n = 6)] and six samples (10%) were HBV/B [B2 (n = 1), B3 (n = 3), B7 (n = 1), and B8 (n = 1)]; the remaining sample possessed B3 and C6. An analysis of the full-length sequence of the four HBV/C isolates (NMB09122, NMB09124, NMB09075, and MRK89073) that were unclassifiable into any of the 10 known HBV/C subgenotypes (C1-C10) showed no significant evidence of recombination. Over the entire genome, the NMB09122 and NMB09124 isolates shared 99.8% identity and segregated into a cluster with a bootstrap value of 100%, differing from HBV/C1-HBV/C10 by 3.8-6.9% (mean, ≥4.0%), indicating that NMB09122 and NMB09124 can be classified into a novel subgenotype within genotype C (tentatively designated C11). The NMB09075 and MRK89073 isolates were 97.4% identical to each other and differed from known HBV/C isolates, including the C11 strains, by 4.0-7.2% (mean, ≥4.5%) over the entire genome, indicating that NMB09075 and MRK89703 can be classified into another novel HBV/C subgenotype (C12). The distribution of C11 and C12 seemed to be associated with particular language speakers in Papua.

One hundred sixteen rats (Rattus rattus) captured in Indonesia from 2011 to 2012 were investigated for the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV)-specific antibodies and HEV RNA. Using an ELISA based on HEV genotype 4 with an ad hoc cutoff value of 0.500, 18.1 % of the rats tested positive for anti-HEV IgG. By nested RT-PCR, 14.7 % of the rats had rat HEV RNA, and none were positive for HEV genotype 1-4. A high HEV prevalence among rats was associated with lower sanitary conditions in areas with a high population density. Sixteen of the 17 HEV isolates obtained from infected rats showed>93.0 % nucleotide sequence identity within the 840-nucleotide ORF1-ORF2 sequence and were most closely related to a Vietnamese strain (85.9-87.9 % identity), while the remaining isolate differed from known rat HEV strains by 18.8-23.3 % and may belong to a novel lineage of rat HEV. These results suggest a wide distribution of rat HEV with divergent genomes.

Six novel subgenotypes (B7, B8, C6, C8, C9, and D6) within three hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes (B-D) were recently identified in Indonesia. To further characterize HBV in this country, 18 HBV-viremic samples obtained from blood donors in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, were subjected to phylogenetic analysis of an 1.6-kb partial or full-length sequence. Thirteen HBV isolates were classified into genotype B with four distinct subgenotypes [B3 (n = 2), B5 (n = 1), B7 (n = 4), and B8 (n = 6)], followed by 4 HBV isolates of genotype C (HBV/C); the remaining one isolate was of D (D1). As for the four HBV/C isolates, one isolate segregated into subgenotype C1, and two into C2. The remaining HBV/C isolate [C0901177(NT3)] differed from reported HBV/C isolates (C1-C9) by 4.6-7.7% over the entire genome and did not show evidence of recombination with any of the known HBV genotypes/subgenotypes, justifying its conclusive assignment into a novel subgenotype (C10) within genotype C.

No abstract

A 14.2 kDa protein isolated from Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus/javanicus) saliva has been reported to have a bactericidal activity. The aim of this study was to analyse the nature of a 14.2 kDa protein using single dimension (1-D) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (MALDI TOF/TOF). The protein was isolated by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/sodium sulfate aqueous twophase system, and then determined by 12.5% SDS-PAGE. A band of 14.2 kDa was sliced and analysed by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometer using a 5800 proteomics analyzer. Mascot search and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Blast search revealed that the spot of 1-D SDS-PAGE consisted of three proteins: zymogen granule protein 16 homologue B, pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor-like, and prolactin-inducible protein homologue precursor. The three proteins have been observed in Bos taurus and other species such as mouse. The actual nature of the proteins and their function in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus/javanicus), as well as the connection with the evolution of bovines need further analysis.

Salah satu faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi populasi dan produksi ternak adalah masalah penyakit dan parasit. Gejala serangan parasit seringkali tidak tampak dan kadang-kadang petani kurang menyadarinya. Cacing hati (Fasciola sp.) merupakan parasit zoonosis yang dapat menginfeksi berbagai macam hewan ternak ruminansia terutama sapi. Fasciolamemiliki dua spesies utama yaitu hepatica dan gigantica. Penyebaran Fasciola sp. adalah daerah beriklim tropis basah yaitu di Asia dan Afrika. Fasciola sp. yang sering dijumpai di Indonesia adalah spesies gigantica, sedangkan spesies hepatica sering terdeteksi pada sapi-sapi impor. Untuk mengetahui infeksidan tingkat penyebaran Fasciola giganticadan Fasciola hepaticapada ternak sapi di kabupaten Lombok Tengahdan Lombok Timurmaka dilakukan survei, pengamatan dan pengambilan sampel organ hati sapi di pasar-pasar daging yang ada pada dua daerah tersebut. Pada masing-masing daerah diambil 3 lokasi pasar daging, yaitu di kabupaten Lombok Tengah: pasar Praya, pasar Mantangdan pasar Kopang; di kabupaten Lombok Timur: pasarSelong, pasarMasbagikdan pasarTerara. Pada masing-masing pasar, pengamatan dan pengambilan sampel diulang sebanyak 3 kalipada 3 orang pedagang.Selanjutnya sampel diamati di laboratorium untuk mengetahui adanya cacing hati dan kerusakan hati sapi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, sapi-sapi dan daging sapi yang diperjual belikan di pasar-pasar Lombok Tengah dan Lombok Timur terinfeksi parasit cacing hati (Fasciola sp.), dengan tingkat infeksi yang masih rendah, yaitu antara 1,3 sampai 2,3. Di samping itu, warna dan tekstur hati sapi yang diperjual belikan di pasar-pasar Lombok Tengah dan Lombok Timur relatif masih baik dan layak dikonsumsi.