Caracterização físico-química do oléo de coco babaçu industrial e artesanal e suas aplicações tecnológicas Physical and chemical characterization of industrial and handicraft coconut babaçu oléo and its technological applications

The meagre (Argyrosomus regius) is taking on increasing importance in the aquaculture industry. In view of the limited supply of fish oil (FO) as a feed ingredient, the study of the capacity to biosynthesize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from alternative dietary oil sources is important. We analyzed changes in fatty acid (FA) desaturase 2 (fads2) and FA elongase 5 (elovl5) mRNA levels in livers and brains in response to FO replacement with a blend of vegetable oils (VO) and selenium (Se) supplementation. Fish were fed for 60 days with either a diet containing FO or a diet including VO, each supplemented or not with organic Se. Results showed that fads2 and elovl5 transcription was higher in liver when fish were fed VO diets. The brain mRNA levels of both genes were not affected by the dietary replacement of FO by VO. FA composition in the liver and skeletal muscle was altered by FO replacement, particularly by decreasing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents. The α-linolenic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid contents increased in both liver and brain of fish fed VO diets. The effect of Se supplementation on lipid metabolism was evident only in fish fed FO, showing a decrease in the transcription of hepatic fads2. Results indicate that the total replacement of FO by VO in diets modulates the expression of genes involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis in meagre, affecting the FA profile of the fish flesh.

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This study aimed to evaluate changes in body composition, specially muscle and liver fatty acid profile in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) fed with different dietary lipid sources and levels, with or without selenium supplementation. Six hundred meagre were fed twice a day, 6 days per week, with eight experimental diets for 60 days. Diets were a combination of fish oil or a vegetable blend (45% linseed + 35% rapeseed + 20% soybean oil), at 12 or 17% of oil and 0 or 1 mg/kg of organic selenium, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. The whole body protein and lipid content were affected by the dietary oil source. Fish oil diets increased long‐chain (LC) PUFAs content in the edible tissues, while vegetable oil‐based diets increased short‐chain (SC) PUFAs. Vegetable oil diet tended to decrease the fish protein content. A higher lipid liver content was observed in meagre fed the vegetable oil blend. The results also suggested the ability of meagre to convert SC‐PUFA to LC‐PUFA when the vegetable oil is included in their diet. The possibility for partial substitution of fish oil by vegetable oil in meagre diets, resulting in lower dependence of fish oil in meagre farming, is also demonstrated here. Practical applications: The growing importance of aquaculture for basic food supply, and the urge for cost‐effective and sustainable feeds that maintain or even increase fish quality, makes the search for alternatives to common feeds a route of upmost importance, as the vegetable oil here addressed. SC‐PUFA and LC‐PUFA contents of the studied tissues increased with diets supplemented with 17% oil level, which may ultimately add more value to this farmed species. These results indicate the possibility of the partial substitution of fish oil by vegetable oil in meagre diets, resulting in lower dependence on fish oil for fish farming. Meagre were fed with different dietary lipid sources and levels, with or without selenium supplementation, in a total of eight experimental diets during 60 days, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Fish oil diet increases HUFAs and vegetable oil diet increases PUFAs in body composition. There is great potential for partial substitution of fish oil by vegetable oil in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) diets, resulting in lower dependence of fish oil in meagre farming.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the physicochemical quality of milk and cheese from goats-fed diets containing different concentrations of flaxseed oil in replacement of corn. Eight multiparous Saanen goats weighing 51.0 ± 8.0 kg and 67.0 ± 18.0 days of lactation were used. According to the concentrations of linseed oil inclusion in the diet, the goats were randomly distributed in a latin square (4 x 4), according to the concentrations of linseed oil inclusion in the diet (0, 1, 2, and 3%). Milk samples from each animal were collected twice a day, at regular times, during the three days of data collection in each period, for subsequent physicochemical and fatty acid profile analysis employing gas chromatography. The non-fat solids (P = 0.0302) and density (P = 0.0327) variables sgnificantly affected linseed oil in the goats' feed. Regressive effects (linear and quadratic) were not observed for other variables studied, except for lactose and density. Thus, 20 fatty acids have been identified in goat milk, which gives us an essential source of information about animal diet and milk quality concerning human health benefits. Furthermore, there were changes in the lipid profile of milk, decreasing saturated fatty acids and increasing unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in health-promoting effects.

SILVA, J. H. V. da; CAVALCANTI, C. R.; FONSECA, S. B. da; JORDÃO FILHO, J.; SILVA NETO, M. R. da; SILVA, F. B. da. Utilização de enzimas exógenas na nutrição de peixes -revisão de literatura. Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR, Umuarama, v. 19, n. 4, p. 259-264, out./dez. 2016. RESUMO:As enzimas exógenas são adicionadas nas rações para não ruminantes com o objetivo de remover ou diminuir fatores antinutricionais dos alimentos, aumentar a digestibilidade das rações, reduzir a viscosidade dos alimentos, auxiliar na atividade das enzimas endógenas e atuar em substratos que não são degradados pelas enzimas produzidas pelos peixes. Dessa forma, a presente revisão visa a apresentar as enzimas digestivas em peixes, os bioprocessos para produção de enzimas, alguns resultados obtidos com a adição de enzimas exógenas e a influência do uso de enzimas sobre a qualidade da água de cultivo. Diversos tipos de fungos, bactérias e leveduras podem produzir enzimas, por meio de técnicas de recombinação de DNA e mutações. Os peixes possuem estreita relação com o meio no qual estão inseridos, por isso, alterações nos parâmetros físico-químicos da água podem influenciar o crescimento, peso, saúde e reprodução destes. Dessa forma, o uso de enzimas exógenas na alimentação animal pode contribuir para a diminuição do impacto ambiental causado pela produção animal, pois, atuam aumentando a digestibilidade das rações e de nutrientes poluentes como fósforo e nitrogênio quando as enzimas específicas para estes substratos são adicionadas às rações, como a fitase e protease. O uso da biotecnologia, por meio da utilização de enzimas exógenas ou complexos enzimáticos na nutrição de peixes, melhora o desempenho zootécnico, aumenta a digestibilidade das rações e contribui na redução da excreção de nutrientes no ambiente aquático, interferindo de forma positiva na qualidade da água no sistema de produção. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Aditivos. Espécies Piscícolas. Suplementação enzimática. USE OF EXOGENOUS ENZYME IN FISH NUTRITION -LITERATURE REVIEWABSTRACT: Exogenous enzymes are added in non-ruminant feed aiming to remove or reduce antinutritional factors in feed, increase digestibility, reduce feed viscosity, assisting the endogenous enzyme activities and act on substrates that are not degraded by enzymes produced by the fish. Therefore, this review aims to present the digestive enzymes in fish, the enzyme production bioprocesses, some results obtained with the addition of exogenous enzymes and the influence of using enzymes in the quality of cultivation water. Various types of fungi, bacteria and yeast can produce enzymes through recombinant DNA techniques and mutations. Fish have close relation with the medium in which they are inserted; therefore, changes in the water physico-chemical parameters can influence their growth, weight, health and reproduction. Therefore, the use of exogenous enzymes in animal nutrition can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of animal production, and thus act by increasing the digestibility of nutrients and pollutants su...

Marine shrimp rearing in fresh water in different stocking densities