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The emergence of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy reflects a break-through for infertile patients with premature ovarian failure. To study the efficacy of intra-ovarian infusion of autologous PRP on the improvement of ovarian reserve parameters and the subsequent artificial reproductive technique (ART) cycle outcomes in infertile women with poor ovarian reserve or premature ovarian insufficiency, a systematic search in electronic databases like Medline (through PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane was done using relevant search terms. Except for case series, case reports, and review articles, all other types of studies, those evaluated for the effects of intra-ovarian infusion of PRP in subfertile women for decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) were included in our systematic review. The data were extracted from each eligible study and cross-checked by two authors. Intraovarian PRP infusion appears to be effective in ovarian rejuvenation, and the results of the subsequent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle are encouraging. PRP intervention was found to be beneficial in terms of an improvement in ovarian reserve parameters (increase in serum anti-mullerian hormone or antral follicle count or decrease in serum follicular stimulating hormone). ICSI cycle performance in terms of the total number of oocytes retrieved, number of two-pronuclei embryos, fertilization rate, number of cleavage stage embryos, number of good quality embryos, and cycle cancellation rate were found to be improved after intra-ovarian PRP infusion as compared to their previous cycle without PRP infusion.

THz silicon based electronics is undergoing rapid developments. In order to keep this momentum high, an accurate and optimized on-wafer characterization procedure needs to be developed. While evaluating passive elements, the measured sparameter data can be verified by a direct use of EM simulation tools. However, this verification requires to precisely introduce part of the measurement environment such as the probes, the pads and access lines to accurately predict the impact of calibration and layout for on-wafer measurements. Unfortunately, this procedure is limited to passive elements. Hence, in this work, we propose a new procedure to emulate the measurement of active devices using an electromagnetic-SPICE co-simulation. By this method, one can clearly highlight that a measurement artefact that was observed for the transistor measurement can be reproduced. One of the most representative example of measurement artefact involves the measurement and estimation of fMAX which is not constant over all frequency band. Also the measurement is difficult to perform above 40 GHz. This typical problem is now undoubtedly attributed to the probe-to-substrate coupling and probe-to-probe coupling which are strongly dependent on the probe geometry. Finally, this co-simulation procedure evidently underlines the need for an optimized de-embedding procedure above 200 GHz.

Our review shows that orlistat is a more effective drug than metformin and should be the preferred drug in obese PCOS in combination with weight loss.

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INTRODUCTIONRupture of an ectopic pregnancy remains the most common cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy.1,2 Fallopian tubes are the most common site for ectopic pregnancies. Cervix, ovaries, abdomen or the caesarean section scar could be other rare sites that are involved by an ectopic gestation and have an incidence of less than 10% of the patients. 3 Risk of rupture remains the most important concern among such patients and the ABSTRACT Background: Rupture of an ectopic pregnancy remains the most dreaded complication of a pregnancy related event and is the commonest cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. In the developing countries, the maternal death rate among patients admitted with ectopic pregnancy was found to be as high as one in ten. In addition to high risk for mortality, rupture of an ectopic pregnancy could affect future fertility of a woman. The objectives of this study are to analyse the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and find out the incidence rate and risk factors associated with ruptured ectopic pregnancies in a tertiary care institution. Methods: This is a retrospective study and was conducted over a period of one year from September 2015 to September 2016 in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, India. It is a tertiary care centre getting referrals not only from nearby cities and hospitals but also from major cities of neighbour states. During this time frame a total of 2601 deliveries have taken place and 57 cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancies were reported. Data were collected in a preconceived format. Results: Total numbers of vaginal deliveries were 2601 during the study period. Out of which 63 (2.42%) were found to be ectopic pregnancies and 57 (1.99%) were diagnosed as ruptured ectopic pregnancies. Maximum number of patients (70.17%) were between 21 and 30 years of age. As far as parity is concerned only 12.29 % of patients were primigravida where as 70.71% patients were multigravida. Previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease was associated among maximum number of cases i.e 50.87% of total number of cases. Among other risk factors, previous abortions, previous ectopic pregnancies and history of infertility treatment were the prime ones. Maximum number of patients were from lower and lower middle class socioeconomic status. Ampullary type of Tubal ectopic pregnancies were found to be the commonest ones. Two cornual pregnancies and two ovarian pregnancies were also found in this series. In 85.97 % of patients the amount of hemoperitoneum was found to be more than 500 ml. Conclusions: There is high incidence rate of ectopic pregnancy and low rate of diagnosis before rupture occurs in developing nations as in our scenario. Pelvic inflammatory disease, Maternal education, socioeconomic status, parity and history of subfertilty are the risk factors associated with ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Effective efforts should be taken to encourage the level of education and imp...