Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana (Musa balbisiana colla) fruit extracts against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: The simplisia of Klutuk banana fruit was extracted with ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using standard procedures. Determination thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile of the extract was performed using a thin layer plate. The antibacterial activity was investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by a serial microdilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by subculturing the MIC result onto agar medium. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoids, quinones, and saponins. The TLC results prove the existence of flavonoids in the tested extract. The content of secondary metabolites that can act as an antibacterial, strengthen the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Klutuk banana against S. dysenteriae 13313 with MBC values in the range of 5-10%w/v. Potassium levels in the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits contain potassium as much as 2.919% (29 190 ppm).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits is more potent as antibacterial against S. dysenteriae than as potassium supplier in hypokalemia therapy.
Permethrin Cream 5%, a topical scabicidal agent, is usually used for the treatment of infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies). Nowadays, neem oil, a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss), is reported having an antiscabies effect. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate the physical properties of cream containing neem oil 5%. Methods of the study were characterization of physicochemical properties of neem oil, preparation and physical stability study at room temperature (25 oC) and 40 oC for three months storage of the neem oil 5% cream. Physical evaluation involved organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, tipe of cream and viscosity. The study results showed that all of the physicochemical properties of neem oil met the requirement. The cream were white to yellowish white, characteristic neem oil odor, homogenous cream, pH ± 8, viscosity approximately 2000-8000 cps and o/w cream. Three months storage of the cream showed that the formula resulted a stable cream physically.Keywords: neem oil, permethrin, scabies, Azadirachta indica A.Juss
Gambir (Uncaria Gambir, Roxb.) contains catechins that is often empirically used to treat various diseases. Catechins can reduce cholesterol levels by inhibiting coenzyme HMG-CoA reductase that plays a role in cholesterol metabolism. Research has been carried out covering the optimization of transethosomal catechins, the formulation of Transethosomal Catechin Gel (TCG) and Non-Transethosomal Catechin Gel (NTCG), which were then tested for catechin permeation from these gel preparations in vitro using Franz’s diffusion cell with PTFE membranes. The anti-hypercholesterol activity test was carried out with Simvastatin orally as a positive control using 25 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). The catechin transetosomes have a size of 176.1 ± 5.8 nm, Zeta potential −11.6 ± 5.28, and Entrapment Efficacy of 96.77% ± 0.05. The result of cumulative catechins that permeated from TCG and NTCG were and 172.454 ± 5.287 and 112.741 ± 2.241 μg respectively. Permeation test graphs showed similar permeation and flux profiles. TCG can reduce total cholesterol and LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) values in rats by 39.77% and 51.52% respectively during 14 days of use.
Background: Empirically red Piper betle leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is used as a natural antiseptic, and it is proved that the ethanol extract of red P. betle leaf ethanol extract provides antimicrobial activity against the airborne pathogen. Aims and Objectives: To investigate and determine the most effective of the lotion formulated with red P. betle leaf ethanol extract against airborne pathogens. Materials and Methods: The plant material in this study was red P. betle leaves that obtained from Bogor Indonesia. The preliminary antimicrobial activity of the extracts at various concentrations was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The MIC test was performed using an agar diffusion method with perforation technique. Then, antimicrobial lotions (F1-F3) were formulated in varied concentrations (5, 7.5 and 10% w/w) of red P. betle leaf extracts using different excipients and kept for 28 days at 8°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the lotion formulated were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: MIC range for red P. betle leaf extract was found to be 2.5-5% b/v for all bacteria and 1.25-2.5% b/v for C. albicans. A formulation containing these extracts showed a nonsignificant zone of inhibition for 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of which 10% showed maximum zone of inhibition (ranging from 11.23 to 11.83 mm). All of the lotion formulated were stabil for the physicochemical parameters of evaluation. Conclusion: The F2 lotion formula had good pharmaceutical properties and potential antimicrobial activity.
Objective: The aim of the research about atenolol gel is to formulate and evaluate its stability in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Aqupec HV-505 gel base. Methods: Gels were formulated using Acupev HV-505 and HPMC at three different concentrations. Physicochemical evaluation and stability testing were performed including organoleptic examination, pH, viscosity, consistency, bleeding, qualitative analysis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and quantitative analysis by UV-visible spectrophotometry during 56 days of storage. Results: Physicochemical evaluation showed that the best formula was the one with 1% Aqupec HV-505 base (FA2). Further investigation was conducted by varying atenolol concentration to study the influence on gel stability. Evaluation on organoleptic performance, pH, viscosity, consistency, bleeding, microbiology, and qualitative and quantitative stability testing using TLC and UV-visible Spectrophotometry during 56 days of storage showed that the best gel formula was FA22, the one using 1% Aqupec HV-505 with 0.5% Atenolol The patch test showed that all atenolol gels were safe to be used. Conclusions: About 1% Aqupec HV-505 provided good physical properties and physicochemical stability to be used as gel base.
Setiap hari manusia dipastikan menggunakan kosmetika, dimulai dari mandi pagi sampai saat akan tidur di malam hari. Macam kosmetika pun semakin beragam. Kosmetika selalu digunakan hampir setiap hari, sehingga perlu pemahaman mengenai bahaya dari penggunaan kosmetika yang tidak baik. Setiap kosmetika yang dibuat dan/atau diedarkan wajib memenuhi persyaratan keamanan, manfaat, mutu, penandaan, dan klaim; dan dinotifikasi kepada Kepala BPOM, dan wajib dilakukan penarikan dari peredaran bila tidak memenuhi persyaratan. Oleh karenanya, dalam mini review artikel ini akan dijelaskan bagaimana cara menghindari kosmetika palsu secara organoleptik. Kata kunci: kosmetika palsu, organoleptik
Objective: Kawang fruit (Lithocarpus celebicus (Miq.) Rehder) is native plant of Boven Digoel, Papua, Indonesia, have flavonoids which has antibacterial activity. Antiseptic is a substance used to inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms that live on the surface of the body. Their resistance to antiseptics on the market and it needed a new antiseptic-based natural ingredients that are relatively safer. The purpose of this study to make an antiseptic gel with extract ethanol of Kawang fruit and determine its effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29 213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.Methods: Extraction, phytochemical screening, testing activities with the agar diffusion method, determination minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), antiseptic gel formulation, and test preparation gel. The test results showed the Kawang fruit has activity against bacteria with value MIC and MBC on S. aureus ATCC 29213 is 5% (b/b) and 10% (b/b), and on E. coli ATCC 25922 is 10% and 20%. The extraction is formulated in the form of a gel with a concentration of 5%, 10%, and 20%. Formulations made using 2% hydroxy ethyl methyl cellulose. Results:The test results show the effectiveness of antiseptic gel extracts have inhibitory better on S. aureus ATCC 29213 than E. coli ATCC 25922. Conclusion:Antiseptic gel preparation of Kawang fruit ethanol extract at a concentration of 5% have shown their antibacterial effectivity. Its inhibition to S. aureus ATCC 29213 was better than E. coli ATCC 25 922.
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